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BBLec Sumaya > BASIC PRINCIPLES OF IMMUNOLOGY AND AG-AB REACTIONS > Flashcards

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF IMMUNOLOGY AND AG-AB REACTIONS Flashcards

1
Q

Any substance which when introduced to the host which can bind to a specific antibody

A

Antigen

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2
Q

any substance that can trigger an immune response

A

Immunogen

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3
Q

It may entail activation of the cellular components of immune system as well as the production of specific antibodies.

A

Immune Response

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4
Q

Two properties of an Antigen

A
  1. Specific reactivity
  2. Immunogenicity
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5
Q

_________It is an incomplete antigen. Can react with specific antibody; not immunogenic.

May become immunogenic when bound to_________

A

Hapten, Schlepper Molecule

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6
Q

It is the particular area in an antigen molecule that confers specificity to it; it is also referred to as immunodominant molecule.

A

Epitope/ Antigenic Determinants

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7
Q

Blood Group Antigens are distributed mainly on? (Give the 5)

A

Red cells, Tissue cells, white cells, platelets and bodily fluids

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8
Q

True or False

ABH antigens in tissues makes them important to be considered in organ transplants.

A

True

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9
Q

These are protein, large polysaccharide, glycoproteins or glycolipids

A

Blood Group Antigens

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10
Q

They are determined by blood group genes, and blood group phenotype.

A

Blood Group Antigen

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11
Q

Characteristics of Blood Group Antigens

A

Foreignness to the Host
Sufficient molecular size
Chemical Complexity
Structural Stability

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12
Q

How blood group antibodies produced in response to antigenic stimulation?

A

Exposure through pregnancy
Exposure through transfusion
Exposure through transplantation

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13
Q

IgM antibodies important in blood banking include:

A

Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-H
Anti-I, Anti-i
Anti-M, Anti-N
Anti-Le, Anti-Lu, Anti-P

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14
Q

IgG antibodies important in blood banking include:

A

Anti-Rh, AntiS, Anti-s, Anti-Kel, Anti-Duffy, Anti-Kidd

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15
Q

IgA Antibodies

A

Anti-Le, Anti-A, Anti-B

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16
Q

Other name for IgM

A

Macroglobulin

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17
Q

Other name for IgA

A

Secretory Ig

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18
Q

What Ig Class is Molecular Weight 900,000

A

IgM

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19
Q

Half life of IgM

A

9-11 d

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20
Q

Half life of IgG

A

25-35 d

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21
Q

IgA half life

A

6-8 d

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22
Q

Half life of IgD

A

2-3d

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23
Q

Half life of IgE

A

2d

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24
Q

What Immunoglobulin Class can pass thru placenta?

A

IgG

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25
Q

This produced in response to antigen stimulation from the environment whose specificity is unknown / not definite (bacteria, pollen, fungi, etc.) ; non-red cell stimulated; usually IgM

A

Naturally Occuring

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26
Q

produced from red cell antigen stimulation; IgG

A

Immune

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27
Q

This are antibodies against red cell antigens, where these are differently distributed among the members of the same species; cause specific clumping of cells.

A

Isoagglutinins

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28
Q

This is associated with HTR, HDN and AIHA.

A

Clinically Significant

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29
Q

Antibodies not expected to be found in serum of patient; present in a very small human population only

A

Irregular

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30
Q

This are abs that react to red cells of the host, as well as to red cells of other individuals; produced through stimulation by bacterial or viral infections.

A

Autoantibodies

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31
Q

What antibodies that are acquired through transfusion of plasma

A

Passively Acquired

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32
Q

This abs that activates the complement , and cause red cells to lyse.

A

Complete Antibodies

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33
Q

What ab that activates the complement when it forms a complex with specific red cell antigen; IgM in nature; hemolysis is produced when specific red cells are reacted upon

A

Complement fixing

34
Q

What abs does not activate the complement system;

A

Non Complement Fixing

35
Q

This ab that coat the red cells, and eventually lyses them; IgM

A

Complete Antibodies

36
Q

This ab that only coat the red cell; but not capable to lyse it.

A

Incomplete Antibodies

37
Q

This ab that best reacts at 37 C.

A

Warm Antibodies

38
Q

This ab that best react at 4C to ambient room temperature., (below 30C)

A

Cold Antibodies

39
Q

Give the two Functions of Antibodies

A

Primary function: to bind with antigen
• Secondary functions/ biological effector functions:
Complement fixation/ activation hemolysis of red cells
Placental transfer ( IgG)
Bind on receptor sites on tissues and other cells

40
Q

This are activated by the presence of foreign antigen, or abnormal autoantigen.

A

Immune System

41
Q

Cells involved in Immune Response

A

APC= Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, Monocytes
Lymphocytes= T helper, T cytotoxic, B
Natural Killer, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Platelets

42
Q

This incompatible blood type of fetus to that of mother (baby’s antigen foreign to the mother) E.g. Baby is D(+), mother is D(- )

A

Pregnancy

43
Q

This incompatible blood type between patient (recipient) and donor blood

A

Transfusion

44
Q

This incompatible type between patient (recipient) and donor tissue

A

Tissue/Organ Transplantation

45
Q

This autoantibodies are produced, that detect red cell antigens

A

Bacterial/Viral Infection

46
Q

What are the manifestations of Ag and Ab reactions?

A

Red cell agglutination
Hemolysis
Mix field agglutination

47
Q

Give indication of a mix field agglutination

A

Chimeras
Mixed blood in transfusion
Acquired B phenomenon
Weak ag in subgroups

48
Q

What grade reaction is Dark, Turbid Homogeneous

A

Grade: 0

49
Q

What grading reaction is
Many tiny agglutinates
Many free cells
May not visible without microscope

A

W+

50
Q

What grading reaction is
Many Medium sized agglutinates
Moderate number of free cells

A

2+

51
Q

What grading reaction is
Several large agglutinates
Few free cells

A

3+

52
Q

What grading reaction is
One large solid agglutinate
No free cells

A

4+

53
Q

Stacked-coin formation

A

Rouleaux Formation

54
Q

Rouleaux Formation is found in patients with:

A

Multiple Myeloma
Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia
Hyperviscosity Syndrome

55
Q

This is Interacting antigen and antibody-the antigenic determinant fit in a cleft /space formed by the combining site of the antibody (at the Fab region, formed by variable regions of light and heavy chains)

A

Lock and Key Concept

56
Q

This Hold the Ag in the antibody combining site

A

Non Covalent Bonds

57
Q

Non Covalent bonds includes:

A

Hydrogen bonds, Electrostatic bonds, Hydrophobic bonds, and Van der Waals forces

58
Q

True or False

Multiple bonding ensures the Ag bound to the Ab is tight and stable

A

True

59
Q

Stages of Red Cell Agglutination

A

Antibody Sensitization
Lattic Formation

60
Q

This involves binding of the paratope /combining site of the Ab and the epitope/ determinant of the Ag (in a reversible reaction).

A

Primary Stage / Antibody Sensitization

61
Q

Multiple erythrocytes with bound antibodies form a?

A

Lattice Formation

62
Q

This is the basis of all visible agglutination reactions.

A

Lattice Formation

63
Q

Factors Affecting Primary Stage of Reactions (Ab Sensitization)

A

Effect of Temperature
Effect of pH
Ionic strength
Time of Incubation
Effect of Ab Ag ratio

64
Q

Optimum pH for most antigen-antibody reactions

A

6.5-7.5

65
Q

This refers to charge concentration of the suspending (reaction) medium.

A

Ionic Strength

66
Q

This influences the rate of formation of the antigen-antibody complex

A

Ionic Strength

67
Q

True of False

decreasing the ionic strength of the suspending medium reduces the interfering effects of the electrostatic barrier, thus better attraction between antigen and antibody.

A

True

68
Q

Low Ionic Strength Saline is consist of

A

0.2% of NaCl

69
Q

This shortens incubation period of 5-15 minutes.

A

Low Ionic Strength Saline

70
Q

To allow antigen/antibody reactions to reach equilibrium

A

Time of Incubation

71
Q

What is the time range for the Incubation Period

A

15-60 minutes

72
Q

In the Effect of Ag-Ab Ration, what is the optimum ratio part of Ab and Ag

A

80 parts of Antibody to a 1 part of Antigen

73
Q

Excess in either antigen or antibody results to non occurrence of lattice formation leading to a

A

False Negative Result

74
Q

The surface of red cells carry a negative charge due to the ionization of the carboxyl group of

A

NeuNac (N acetyl neuraminic acid), also called NANA or sialic acid

75
Q

NeuNac (N acetyl neuraminic acid) also known as

A

NANA or Sialic Acid

76
Q

True or False
Closer physical proximity increases antigen-antibody bridging

A

True

77
Q

Order of effectiveness in detecting IgG antibodies:

A

Ficin
Papin
Bromelin
Trypsin

78
Q

Water- soluble polymer used with AHG to bring sensitized cells close together and facilitate cross-linking and enhancement of agglutination reaction.

A

Polyethylene Glycol

79
Q

Other name for Polybrene

A

Hexadimethrine Bromide

80
Q

Positively charged macromolecule which cause non-specific aggregation of sensitized red cells with IgG antibody after incubation with LISS.

A

POLYBRENE (hexadimethrine bromide)

81
Q

It is a red tinge of supernatant, with minimal red cell button or none at all

A

Hemolysis

BBLec Sumaya (6 decks)

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