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BBLec Sumaya > BASIC PRINCIPLES OF IMMUNOLOGY AND AG-AB REACTIONS > Flashcards

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF IMMUNOLOGY AND AG-AB REACTIONS Flashcards

1
Q

Any substance which when introduced to the host which can bind to a specific antibody

A

Antigen

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2
Q

any substance that can trigger an immune response

A

Immunogen

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3
Q

It may entail activation of the cellular components of immune system as well as the production of specific antibodies.

A

Immune Response

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4
Q

Two properties of an Antigen

A
  1. Specific reactivity
  2. Immunogenicity
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5
Q

_________It is an incomplete antigen. Can react with specific antibody; not immunogenic.

May become immunogenic when bound to_________

A

Hapten, Schlepper Molecule

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6
Q

It is the particular area in an antigen molecule that confers specificity to it; it is also referred to as immunodominant molecule.

A

Epitope/ Antigenic Determinants

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7
Q

Blood Group Antigens are distributed mainly on? (Give the 5)

A

Red cells, Tissue cells, white cells, platelets and bodily fluids

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8
Q

True or False

ABH antigens in tissues makes them important to be considered in organ transplants.

A

True

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9
Q

These are protein, large polysaccharide, glycoproteins or glycolipids

A

Blood Group Antigens

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10
Q

They are determined by blood group genes, and blood group phenotype.

A

Blood Group Antigen

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11
Q

Characteristics of Blood Group Antigens

A

Foreignness to the Host
Sufficient molecular size
Chemical Complexity
Structural Stability

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12
Q

How blood group antibodies produced in response to antigenic stimulation?

A

Exposure through pregnancy
Exposure through transfusion
Exposure through transplantation

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13
Q

IgM antibodies important in blood banking include:

A

Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-H
Anti-I, Anti-i
Anti-M, Anti-N
Anti-Le, Anti-Lu, Anti-P

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14
Q

IgG antibodies important in blood banking include:

A

Anti-Rh, AntiS, Anti-s, Anti-Kel, Anti-Duffy, Anti-Kidd

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15
Q

IgA Antibodies

A

Anti-Le, Anti-A, Anti-B

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16
Q

Other name for IgM

A

Macroglobulin

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17
Q

Other name for IgA

A

Secretory Ig

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18
Q

What Ig Class is Molecular Weight 900,000

A

IgM

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19
Q

Half life of IgM

A

9-11 d

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20
Q

Half life of IgG

A

25-35 d

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21
Q

IgA half life

A

6-8 d

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22
Q

Half life of IgD

A

2-3d

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23
Q

Half life of IgE

A

2d

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24
Q

What Immunoglobulin Class can pass thru placenta?

A

IgG

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25
This produced in response to antigen stimulation from the environment whose specificity is unknown / not definite (bacteria, pollen, fungi, etc.) ; non-red cell stimulated; usually IgM
Naturally Occuring
26
produced from red cell antigen stimulation; IgG
Immune
27
This are antibodies against red cell antigens, where these are differently distributed among the members of the same species; cause specific clumping of cells.
Isoagglutinins
28
This is associated with HTR, HDN and AIHA.
Clinically Significant
29
Antibodies not expected to be found in serum of patient; present in a very small human population only
Irregular
30
This are abs that react to red cells of the host, as well as to red cells of other individuals; produced through stimulation by bacterial or viral infections.
Autoantibodies
31
What antibodies that are acquired through transfusion of plasma
Passively Acquired
32
This abs that activates the complement , and cause red cells to lyse.
Complete Antibodies
33
What ab that activates the complement when it forms a complex with specific red cell antigen; IgM in nature; hemolysis is produced when specific red cells are reacted upon
Complement fixing
34
What abs does not activate the complement system;
Non Complement Fixing
35
This ab that coat the red cells, and eventually lyses them; IgM
Complete Antibodies
36
This ab that only coat the red cell; but not capable to lyse it.
Incomplete Antibodies
37
This ab that best reacts at 37 C.
Warm Antibodies
38
This ab that best react at 4C to ambient room temperature., (below 30C)
Cold Antibodies
39
Give the two Functions of Antibodies
Primary function: to bind with antigen • Secondary functions/ biological effector functions: Complement fixation/ activation hemolysis of red cells Placental transfer ( IgG) Bind on receptor sites on tissues and other cells
40
This are activated by the presence of foreign antigen, or abnormal autoantigen.
Immune System
41
Cells involved in Immune Response
APC= Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, Monocytes Lymphocytes= T helper, T cytotoxic, B Natural Killer, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Platelets
42
This incompatible blood type of fetus to that of mother (baby’s antigen foreign to the mother) E.g. Baby is D(+), mother is D(- )
Pregnancy
43
This incompatible blood type between patient (recipient) and donor blood
Transfusion
44
This incompatible type between patient (recipient) and donor tissue
Tissue/Organ Transplantation
45
This autoantibodies are produced, that detect red cell antigens
Bacterial/Viral Infection
46
What are the manifestations of Ag and Ab reactions?
Red cell agglutination Hemolysis Mix field agglutination
47
Give indication of a mix field agglutination
Chimeras Mixed blood in transfusion Acquired B phenomenon Weak ag in subgroups
48
What grade reaction is Dark, Turbid Homogeneous
Grade: 0
49
What grading reaction is Many tiny agglutinates Many free cells May not visible without microscope
W+
50
What grading reaction is Many Medium sized agglutinates Moderate number of free cells
2+
51
What grading reaction is Several large agglutinates Few free cells
3+
52
What grading reaction is One large solid agglutinate No free cells
4+
53
Stacked-coin formation
Rouleaux Formation
54
Rouleaux Formation is found in patients with:
Multiple Myeloma Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia Hyperviscosity Syndrome
55
This is Interacting antigen and antibody-the antigenic determinant fit in a cleft /space formed by the combining site of the antibody (at the Fab region, formed by variable regions of light and heavy chains)
Lock and Key Concept
56
This Hold the Ag in the antibody combining site
Non Covalent Bonds
57
Non Covalent bonds includes:
Hydrogen bonds, Electrostatic bonds, Hydrophobic bonds, and Van der Waals forces
58
True or False Multiple bonding ensures the Ag bound to the Ab is tight and stable
True
59
Stages of Red Cell Agglutination
Antibody Sensitization Lattic Formation
60
This involves binding of the paratope /combining site of the Ab and the epitope/ determinant of the Ag (in a reversible reaction).
Primary Stage / Antibody Sensitization
61
Multiple erythrocytes with bound antibodies form a?
Lattice Formation
62
This is the basis of all visible agglutination reactions.
Lattice Formation
63
Factors Affecting Primary Stage of Reactions (Ab Sensitization)
Effect of Temperature Effect of pH Ionic strength Time of Incubation Effect of Ab Ag ratio
64
Optimum pH for most antigen-antibody reactions
6.5-7.5
65
This refers to charge concentration of the suspending (reaction) medium.
Ionic Strength
66
This influences the rate of formation of the antigen-antibody complex
Ionic Strength
67
True of False decreasing the ionic strength of the suspending medium reduces the interfering effects of the electrostatic barrier, thus better attraction between antigen and antibody.
True
68
Low Ionic Strength Saline is consist of
0.2% of NaCl
69
This shortens incubation period of 5-15 minutes.
Low Ionic Strength Saline
70
To allow antigen/antibody reactions to reach equilibrium
Time of Incubation
71
What is the time range for the Incubation Period
15-60 minutes
72
In the Effect of Ag-Ab Ration, what is the optimum ratio part of Ab and Ag
80 parts of Antibody to a 1 part of Antigen
73
Excess in either antigen or antibody results to non occurrence of lattice formation leading to a
False Negative Result
74
The surface of red cells carry a negative charge due to the ionization of the carboxyl group of
NeuNac (N acetyl neuraminic acid), also called NANA or sialic acid
75
NeuNac (N acetyl neuraminic acid) also known as
NANA or Sialic Acid
76
True or False Closer physical proximity increases antigen-antibody bridging
True
77
Order of effectiveness in detecting IgG antibodies:
Ficin Papin Bromelin Trypsin
78
Water- soluble polymer used with AHG to bring sensitized cells close together and facilitate cross-linking and enhancement of agglutination reaction.
Polyethylene Glycol
79
Other name for Polybrene
Hexadimethrine Bromide
80
Positively charged macromolecule which cause non-specific aggregation of sensitized red cells with IgG antibody after incubation with LISS.
POLYBRENE (hexadimethrine bromide)
81
It is a red tinge of supernatant, with minimal red cell button or none at all
Hemolysis

BBLec Sumaya (6 decks)

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