basic of quantitive research

Question 1

questions

Answer 1

what should be documented
why should it be documented
how should it be documented
methods of empirical social research

Question 2

quantitative quality criteria

Answer 2

validity
objectivity
reliability

Question 3

quantitative research question

Answer 3

not only wants to describe but to explain something
focus on relationship and causal relationship patterns
how is x related to y
purley descriptive

Question 4

what is a theory

Answer 4

contains statements about empirically verifiable relationships
is a system of logical and consistent statements about social phenomena
are networks o hypotheses
understand and explain empirically observable and verifiable relationships

Question 5

what are hypotheses

Answer 5

are preliminary statements about an area of investigation
transfer theoretically assumed correlations into an empirically verifiable form
is a statement about correlation between two or more variables
more concrete than a theory
explain
- whether a correlation exists
- the causal direction of this connection
- the conditions under which the correlation applies

Question 6

hypotheses: theoretical foundation

Answer 6

hypotheses are derived from theory and specify correlation between dependent and independent variables
they can be verified or rebutted in the empirical test procedure
must be clearly defined using valid operational definitions
they must be specific - the relationship of the variables and the conditions under which the connection must apply must be set out

Question 7

hypotheses must meet following criteria

Answer 7

universality: goes beyond a single case or event
must underlie the formal structure of a meaninfumg conditional sentence (if-then, the-the)
conditional sentence must be able to be rebutted

Question 8

to test validity of a hypotheses, statistical hypotheses are formulated

Answer 8

are formulated based on statistical parameters

Question 9

difference between

Answer 9

null hypothesis: claims that there is no relationship or the difference of H1
alternative hypothesis: is derived from theory - claims that there is a relationship

Question 10

significance test

Answer 10

is used to check the probability with which the correlation between the variables is valid
examines two mutually exclusive statistical hypotheses

Question 11

non-directed hypotheses

Answer 11

does not dictate direction

e.g. there is no relationship or there is an relationship

Question 12

directed hypotheses

Answer 12

a direction of correlation or the difference is indicated

e.g. there is no relationship or there is a positive relationship

Question 13

what are variables

Answer 13

describe objects using relevant characteristics
makes it possible to determine in which objects the characteristics are the same or different
explanation of characteristics is one of the most important parts in stat

Question 14

continuous and discrete variables

Answer 14

continuous variables have many values in any interval e.g. weight, height
discrete variables only have finite number of occurrence in a limited interval e.g. number of siblings, births

Question 15

manifest and latent variables

Answer 15

manifest variables are directly observable e.g. number of solved tasks
latent variables are based on manifest ones as a hypothetical construct e.g. intelligence is represented by the number of tasks solved

Question 16

dependent and independent variables

Answer 16

the change of one variable is explained by the influence of another variable

Question 17

moderating variable

Answer 17

changes the influence of the independent to the dependent variable e.g. road noise affects sleep
a moderator variable becomes the control variable if it was collected in the investigation for control
a moderator variable becomes noise variable if ignored