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YR2 NUTRITION > Basic Nutrients > Flashcards

Basic Nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 key nutrient groups?

A

-water
-protein
-carbohydrates
-fats
-minerals
-vitamins

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2
Q

How much of body weight is made up of water?

A

70%

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3
Q

What are the functions of water?

A

-transport medium
-temperature regulation (sweat/panting)
-digestion (facilitates hydrolysis)
-lubricant for body tissues
-facilitates the elimination of toxins from the body via the kidney

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4
Q

How does water contribute to temperature regulation?

A

-it transports the heat away from internal organs
-redirecting blood to the superficial veins to transfer heat to the skin
-evaporation of water from the skin

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5
Q

What is the bodies water requirements?

A

50ml/kg/day

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6
Q

What are sources of water?

A

-ingested water
(drinking/food)
-metabolic water
(produced in body by oxidation of protein, fat and carbohydrates)

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7
Q

How can water exit the body?

A

-urination
-faeces
-vomiting
-saliva
-sweat
-bleeding
-lactation

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8
Q

What are the signs an animal in a water deficit displays?

A

-skin tenting
-tacky mucous membranes
-sunken eyes
-urination ceases or decreases
-urinalysis and blood sample results

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9
Q

What is the normal urination output for cats and dogs?

A

1-2ml/kg/hr

24-48ml/kg/day

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10
Q

What advice can be given to cat owners to encourage consumption?

A

-change position of food bowls
-flowing water
-wet food
-offering more bowls
-type of bowl

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11
Q

What advice can be given to dog owners to encourage consumption?

A

-soaking kibble
-wet foods
-change height or type of bowl
-portable bowl for walks
-flavoured waters
-ice cubes

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12
Q

What is the structure of proteins, what are they made of?

A

-complex organic compounds
-large molecules that are composed of long chains of amino acids

-made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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13
Q

Where are non essential amino acids produced?

A

In the body

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14
Q

Where are essential proteins supplied from?

A

Supplied in the diet as they cannot be synthesised within the body

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15
Q

What are the 10 essential amino acids?

A

-arginine (required in cats)
-histidine
-isoleucine
-leucine
-lysine
-methionine
-threonine
-tryptophan
-valine
-taurine (only in cats)

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16
Q

Why is arginine required in cats?

A

-prevents ammonia accumulating in the blood

-required by the body in order to metabolise nitrogen compounds, without it ammonia can accumulate in the blood

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17
Q

Why do cats require taurine in their diet?

A

-they cannot synthesise enough taurine to meet their needs

-lack of taurine during gestation can cause foetal resorption, low birth weight of kittens, poor survival rates and reduced growth rates

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18
Q

What is biological value?

A

-refers to the quality
-graded acceptable, digestible and utilisable

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19
Q

Do high biological value proteins have high or low proportions of essential amino acids?

A

-usually have high proportions of essential amino acids within them
-they closely resemble the requirements of the animal

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of high biological value proteins?

A

-highly digestible
-leave fewer waste products to be excreted from the body

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21
Q

What are sources of protein?

A

-egg
-fish
-milk
-chicken
-liver
-rice and oats

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22
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

-growth
-pregnancy and lactation
-repair of damaged tissues
-dietary source of energy
-regulation of metabolism
-provides strength with flexibility in ligaments, tendons and cartilage
-transport and storage of oxygen in the muscles
-transport of other nutrients
-protection of body against infections

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23
Q

What are relative requirements based on?

A

-species
(cats have higher requirements than dogs)
-lifestage
-reproductive status (pregnant or lactating)
-pathophysiological state (cancer, trauma, burns)
-workload

24
Q

What are the signs of excess protein in the body?

A

-overweight
-contributes to progression of some clinical conditions
(liver or kidney failure as these organs have to work harder to eliminate protein from their system)

25
Q

What can cause an excess in protein?

A

-over feeding
-under feeding
-feeding an inappropriate diet
-disease

26
Q

What are the signs of a deficiency in protein?

A

-weight loss
-poor skin or hair
-anaemia
-increased susceptibility to disease

27
Q

What can cause a deficiency in protein?

A

-inadequate food intake
-poor quality dietary proteins
-high fibre or low energy diets
-inability to digest or absorb proteins
-excess protein loss
-illness

28
Q

How are proteins digested (broken down)?

A

-mouth is where mechanical digestion starts
-stomach where mechanical/chemical breakdown continues
-protein broken down into polypeptides by the enzyme pepsin
-small intestine produces trypsin which breaks down peptides into amino acids

29
Q

How is protein absorbed in the body?

A

-absorbed through the intestinal wall into the blood
-blood flows from the small intestine to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

30
Q

How are proteins utilised in the body?

A

-tissue proteins
-enzymes
-albumin
-hormones
-surplus used as energy

31
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of?

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen

32
Q

What are the 3 main groups of carbohydrates?

A

-simple sugars
-oligosaccharides
-polysaccharides

33
Q

What are simple sugars?

A

-monosaccharides such as glucose
-disaccharides such as lactose

34
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A

-short chains of monosaccharides
-can be hydrolyses to simple sugars
-act more like dietary fibre

35
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

-includes starches and fibre
-large and complex molecules composed of many monosaccharide units and may be bonded

36
Q

What are sources of carbohydrates?

A

Sugars
=fruit
Lactose
=milk and dairy products
Starches
=potatoes, rice, grains, wheat

37
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

-includes energy, produces heat and produces lactose in lactation
-promotes and regulates bowel function
-helps maintain health of the colon
-not essential within the diet

38
Q

What are the relative requirements of carbohydrates in the diet?

A

-dogs and cats have no absolute requirements for carbohydrates in their diet

-are an easily digestible source of energy

39
Q

What % of carbohydrates are normally seen in cats and dogs diet?

A

Dogs
30-60% in dry diets

Cats
Up to 35% on a dry matter basis

40
Q

How does mechanical digestion begin to break down carbohydrates?

A

-chewing in the mouth
-chemical = ptyalin secreted by the parotid gland begins breaking down some carbohydrates

41
Q

How does enzymatic digestion continue to break down carbohydrates?

A

-stomach is where mechanic digestion continues
-small intestine is where the enzyme amylase breaks down carbohydrates converting them to starch and then to maltose

42
Q

Where is glucose absorbed and stored?

A

-absorbed into the blood stream
-carried via the hepatic portal vein to the liver

-store in liver
-glycogen is released into the circulation as required for energy

43
Q

How does microbial digestion aid in the breakdown of carbohydrates?

A

-large intestine is where intestinal microbes (bacteria) produces enzymes
-where fibre is digested

44
Q

How do carbohydrates undergo fermentation?

A

-carbohydrates broken down in an environment with little or no oxygen in such a way as to release energy
-microbes in the large intestine are anaerobes (no oxygen)

45
Q

How are carbohydrates utilised when broken down into microbes?

A

-only use part of the energy they release
-rest of the energy benefits the mucosal lining of the large intestine

46
Q

What are fats made up of?

A

-triglycerides
-where each triglyceride is a combination of 3 fatty acids joined by a unit of glycerol

47
Q

What are the 3 essential fatty acids?

A

Alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3)

Linoleic acid (omega-6)

Arachidonic acid (omega-6 cats)

48
Q

What is the function of omega-3 fats?

A

Anti-inflammatory function

49
Q

Can dogs and cats synthesise arachidonic acid?

A

Dogs can synthesise

Cats cannot synthesise
-this demonstrates their carnivorous nature

50
Q

What are functions of fats?

A

-source of energy
-improves texture of food
-acts as carrier and aids in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
-aids kidney functions
-essential component of cell membrane
-protects internal organs
-acts as insulation

51
Q

What can deficiencies in fat lead to?

A

-poor wound healing
-dry coat
-scaly skin
-alopecia
-pyometra
-reduced reproductive function

52
Q

What can an excess in fat lead to?

A

-increase in energy density of the diet
-pancreatitis

53
Q

How is fat digested in the body?

A

-begins in mouth with mechanical digestion
-stomach is where enzyme gastric lipase breaks fats into fatty acids and then to glycerol
-small intestines pancreatic juice aids in this process

54
Q

What is bile salts function in the break down of fats?

A

-act as detergents
-breaks the surface tension between fats ad water
-so fats are broken down into small droplets making it easier for lipase to reach them and break down the fat

55
Q

How are fats absorbed?

A

-absorbed via the lymphatic system
-then the cysterna chyli and thoracic duct where it is carried in the blood stream to the liver

56
Q

How are fats utilised in the body?

A

-liver is where fat metabolism takes place
-lipids require by the body are synthesised in the liver
-fatty acids are metabolised to produce energy

YR2 NUTRITION (10 decks)

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