Basic navigation - AE Flashcards
Hvað er aphelion?
Þar sem jörðin er fjærst sólu á sporbaug sínum.
The apparent sun is always in the plane of the ___.
ecliptic
Hvað er Perihelion?
Þar sem jörðin er næst sólu á sporbaug sínum. Hér er jörðin á mestum hraða í sporbaugnum.
At mid-latitudes where is the relationship between length of day and night as well as rate of change of declination of sun, chaning at the greatest rate?
Spring equinox and autumn equinox
Hvað er ecliptic? The ___ apparent path of the __ around the ___.
yearly, sun, earth.
Hvernig finnur þú distance á milli longitude?
1° longitude er 60 minutes. Svo segir þú distance = change in longitude in minutes * cos(latitude)
True direction at the vertex of a great circle is always _° or _°.
90° or 270°
A meridian and it’s anti meridian form a complete __ ___.
great circle
Latitude may be defined as the angular ___ measured along a meridian from the equator to a parallel of the ___.
distance, latitude
Hvað er annað nafn yfir Orthodromic line?
Great circle line
The poles are the points of intersection between the earth’s ___ and the surface of the earth
axis
The compression factor of the earth is so small that it may be ignored when making ordinary maps and charts. It is about 1:X.
1:300
Hver er formúla convergence?
Convergence = dlong * sin(mean lat)
dlong: degrees longitude
Hver er formúla departure
departure = cos(lat) * minutes
Hvað reiknar convergence?
Hvað great circle track sveigist mikið út frá braut. T.d. væri convergence 10° að þýða að í upphafi ferðar myndi leiðin sveigjast 5° að pól og svo sveigjast 5° til baka seinni hluta ferðarinnar. (5° væri þá svokallað convergence angle).
Hvað reiknar departure?
Departure reiknar vegalengd á milli tveggja meridians.
Ef þú vilt fljúga constant true track, hvernig leið/track þarftu að velja?
rhumbline
The earth may be referred to as
a) elliptical
b) an oblate spheroid
b) an oblate spheroid
The sun is _ minutes to travel 1°
4
Which is more accurate, UTC or GMT?
UTC
_____ causes the sunrise to occur earlier and the sunset to occur later.
atmospheric refraction
A day is __ successive transits of a heavenly body
two
The time interval between sunrise and sunset is dependent on the __ of the sun and the __ of the observer
declenation, latitude
Hvort er lengra twilight at high latitudes eða low latitudes?
high latitudes
sums staðar er standard time listaður sem UTC+13 í stað UTC-11. Ástæðan er:
a) keeping the same date as the political and or economical entity to which they belong
b) The fact that they are keeping daylight saving time
a) keeping the same date as the political and or economical entity to which they belong
Civil twilight is the time between sunset and when the centre of the sun is _° below the true horizon.
6
Hvað er “Grivation”?
Sum of Grid convergence og variation
Hver er formúla dip angle?
cos^-1*(H/T)
Hvað heitir línan sem tengir saman punkta með sama variation?
isogonal
Hvað kallast lína sem tengir saman staði með ekkert variation?
Agonic line
hvað er The Aclinic?
Magnetic equator or the line of 0° dip
Hvað kallast the angle between true north and magnetic north?
Variation
Hvað gerist fyrir inclination og vertical component of field þegar þú færir þig nær pól?
aukast bæði
Hver er formúla fyrir strength of terrestrial magnetic field?
strength = Tesla * cos(dip)
dip: inclination
Hvar er mesta directive force?
magnetic equator
Nefndu þrjá þætti sem hafa áhrif á deviation
- magnetic latitude
- aircraft heading
- aircraft electronic equipment
Grid lines placed over a polar stereographic chart are all ___ to the reference meridian
parallel
When a magnetized compass needle is freely suspended in the earth’s magnetic field and affected by extraneous magnetic influence it will align itself with
a) magnetic north
b) compass north
b) compass north
Hvað er agonic line?
Connects points with zero variation
Deviation er gefin upp sem +3, er hún easterly/westerly og positive/negative? Hvernig myndir þú plögga þessu inn í TVMDC?
positive easterly, myndir setja sem mínus í formúluna.
Lines of zero dip are called ___ lines
aclinic
Hvort er blue pole norður eða suðurpóllinn?
norðurpóllinn
Hvaða leið hefur constant direction á grid korti?
Great circle
Hvað eru lines that connect places with the same grivation?
Isograves
Deviation changes with heading because the undesired magnetic pole is moved relative to the direction of the earth’s ___ ____.
magnetic field
The force acting on the needle of a direct reading compass varies directly/inversely with the horizontal/vertical component of the earth’s magnetic field.
directly, horizontal
Hvað gerist fyrir true heading 100° ef þú ert með 9L WCA?
91°
The compass needle determines the direction of the ___ component of the earth’s magnetic field
horizontal
Near the magnetic pole the ___ component of the earth’s magnetic field is too small to permit the use of a magnetic compass
horizontal
The difference in direction between grid north and true north is called..
Grid convergence
Deviation applied to magnetic headings gives ___ heading
compass
The magnetic meridian in a position is the ___ direction of the earth’s magnetic field in that position, toward the magnetic north pole.
horizontal
Magnetic variation is ___° max
180
A negative (westerly) magnetic variation signifies that ___ north is to the __ of magnetic north
true, east
eða..
magnetic, west
Magnetic north pole færist 1° á _ árum
5
____ begins when the centre of the sun is 6° below the celestial horizon.
Morning civil twilight
Hvað gerist ef þú krossar “international date line” on a westerly heading?
date will increase = you lose one day
Það að hoppa yfir einn dag (date increases) er það sama og að missa einn dag.
The reason that the solar day lasts longer than the sidereal day is that both the direction of rotation of the earth around its axis and its orbital ____ around the sun are the same.
rotation
Close to the ___ the influence of latitude on the duration of daylight is at its smallest
equinoxes
Morning civil twilight is
a) the period when the sun in the morning, has its centre between 6° under the horizon and the horizon
b) morning civil twilight is the period in the morning from the centre of the sun is 6° below the horizon until the upper limb of the sun appears at the horizon.
b) morning civil twilight is the period in the morning from the centre of the sun is 6° below the horizon until the upper limb of the sun appears at the horizon.
____ is the time enforced by the legal authority to be used in a country or an area.
standard time
28 júní varðandi sólarljós kallast __ ___ og er týpískt sunrise at _°N 02:39 og sunset 21:27. Fyrir ofan _°N þá myndi sólin ekki setjast at all.
summer solstice, 60° (þetta þarf ekki að vera nákvæmt), 66.5°N. Aðalatriðið í svarinu er bara að vita að í summer solstice er sólin að setjast mjög seint og rísa snemma at high latitude og í 66.5°N og ofar, sest hún ekki.
Tíminn í Air Almanac er gefinn í
a) ST
b) LMT
c) UTC
b) LMT
When the length of the day is measured with the passage of the apparent sun:
a) The length of the day varies with the course of the year
b) the length of day varies with the latitude of the observer
a) The length of the day varies with the course of the year
In 21st November, the time difference in local mean time between sunset at a position at the NH vs SH (both are at the same meridian) is a few hours and the sun rises earlier in northern hemisphere/southern hemisphere?
southern hemisphere
A compass swing is performed in order to correct for
deviation
A compass swing is used to align ____ and ____.
compass north, magnetic north
must an aircraft compass be swung after if the aircraft has been subjected to hammering?
yes
As latitude increases, deviation due to aircraft magnetism increases because Z/T/H is reducing and Z/T/H increasing
H, Z
Deviation on a standby compass is dependent on ___ of the aircraft
heading
Getur þú notað VOR, ADF eða Airborne Weather Radar bearing til að stilla compass?
Nei, en þú getur notað runway direction during line-up og main compass indication.
The direct reading magnetic compass is made aperiodic (deat beat) by:
a) keeping the magnetic assembly mass close to the compass point and by using damping wires.
b) pendulous suspension of the magnetic assembly
c) using the lowest acceptable viscosity compass liquid
a) keeping the magnetic assembly mass close to the compass point and by using damping wires.
Accelerating on a westerly heading, NH: Compass card fer ___, indicatar beygju til ____ og compass card Over/Under reads
anti-clockwise, norðurs, over-read north.
When dealing with heights and altitudes in international aviation we only use the units __ and __.
metres and feet
Í svörum þar sem talað er um horiztontal distance þá er líka bætt við kilometers.
How many feet are there in a NM?
6080
Ef þú ert staðsettur á suðurpólnum, hvert er þá “true bearing from the south pole”?
000°T
Assuming the earth being a perfect sphere a 1 minute arc of a great circle measured on the surface of the earth will be equally long where?
where ever measured
Af hverju er 1’ of great circle arc ekki það sama alls staðar?
radíus jarðar er ekki sá sami alls staðar (not a perfect sphere).
At the magnetic equator, when accelerating after take-off on heading west a direct heading west, a direct reading compass would show a heading of..
270 (ekkert ANDS við miðbaug).
One purpose of compass calibration is to determine the deviation:
a) on a given heading
b) on any heading
b) on any heading
miðað við að allar headings sem þú hefur séu 360
Hvort er það á equinox eða solstice sem “rate of change of the declination of the sun” er að breytast á mestum hraða?
Spring og autumn equinox
Hver er hæsta latitude þar sem “sun will rise above the horizon and set every day”?
a) 62° b) 64° c) 68° d) 72°
b) 64°
Fyrir ofan 66.5° þá er sólin aldrei að setjast á hásumri og rís ekki fyrir ofan horizon á stysta degi ársins
When spring and autumn begins, declination is __°.
0°
The term “sidereal” is used:
a) to describe the time interval between two successive transits of the real apparent sun at the same meridian
b) to describe a situation or relationship concerning the stars
b) to describe a situation or relationship concerning the stars
When the sun’s declination is northerly, where is the daylight period short?
southern hemisphere.
In it’s path around the sun, the axis of the earth has an inclination of __° with the plane of the path.
66.33°
The time it takes for the earth to complete one orbit around the sun is:
a) 365 days 45 hours 58 minutes 5 seconds
b) 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 45 seconds
b) 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 45 seconds
The latitude of the tropic of cancer is __° N eða S?
- 5 N
23. 5 S er tropic of capricorn
Á hvaða latitude er polar circles og hvað heitir þetta í N og S?
66.5°
N: Arctic circle
S: Antarctic circle
The declination of the sun is defined as a) the angular distance b) the arc of the sun north or south of the a) sphere of zenith b) pole c) celestial equator
a) angular distance, c) celestial equator
The sun’s declination is the sun’s position relative to the plane of ____.
the equator
In what month is the earth furthest from the sun (aphelion)?
Beginning of July.
In what month is the earth nearest to the sun (perihelion)?
Early January.
What is the highest latitude at which the sun will reach an altitude of 90° above the horizon at some time during the year?
23.5°
What is the ratio between the litre and the US gallon? 1 US-GAL equals __ litres.
3.78
“Planets move in elliptic orbits with the sun in one of the foci” er 1/2/3/4 law of Kepler
1
Ecliptic: The yearly mean/apparent path of the __ around the __.
sun, earth
Ef þú átt að velja hring sem “represents geocentric latitude of position “P”, which is situated above the surface of the ellipsoid”, hvaðan er línan teiknuð og nær hún út fyrir hringlínuna eða innan? (90° kassinn, hvoru megin er hann)?
Línan nær alveg að miðju (þetta er því radíus) og 90° kassinn er út fyrir hringinn.
Það var annað dæmi þar sem var talað um geographic og þar var línan ekki dreginn alveg frá miðju.
Kepler er með þrjú lögmál, hver eru keywordsin í 1-3?
1: elliptic orbits
2: sweeps out equal areas in equal time.
3: cube
Ef þú ert með Var 6°W og það eykst 10’ á ári, hvað verður það orðið eftir 3 ár?
a) 6.3°W
b) 5.5°W
c) 6.5°W
c) 6.5°W
30’ (30 minutes) = 0.5°
1° = 60 min
Grid convergence is westerly/easterly for positions east of the grid datum meridian on the northern hemisphere.
westerly (staðfest úr AE)
Isogonals converge at the north and south geographic and/or magnetic poles
both!
A negative (westerly) magnetic variation signifies that ___ north is east of Magnetic North.
True.
Mundu bara að Ef það er westerly magnetic variation (horfir á þetta að vestan) þá magnetic north nær þér en true.
The purpose of establishing a grid is to proviede for a system for direction where ___ has constant direction.
great circle
Hvort er tilefni til þess að carry out compass swing þegar vél hefur verið stationary on the ground í langan tíma eða þegar hún hefur verið notuð mikið?
stationary on the ground for a period of one year = compass swing.
Ef þú sérð á compass card:
Heading 090
Steer 088
Þá er deviation hvað?
Hún er 2°E.
Fattaði þetta því að ef þú þarft að correcta counter-clockwise þá er vélin að leita clockwise = + dev = easterly.
During pre-flight check, máttu stilla dirrect reading standby compass indicator eftir main compass indication?
já
When at the north magnetic pole the compass tip will pint
directly down
is deviation on a standby compass dependent on the heading of the aircraft?
Yes
If compass north lies west of magnetic north you have easterly/westerly deviation?
westerly (negative)
Ef þú ert x langan tíma að fara hringinn í kringum hnöttinn á 60°N á 470 kts, hvernig reiknar þú hvaða hraða þú þyrftir að vera á, á miðbaug til að vera á sama tíma?
470/cos(60) = 960 kts
Hvar er latitude degree 60 NM?
90° = 60.3NM
45°=60.01NM
0° = 59.71 NM
Sem sagt minna af NM í latitude við miðbaug.
The term “ellipsoid” may be used to describe:
a) the shape of the earth
b) the movement of the earth around the sun
a) the shape of the earth
Geocentric er “sama” og geodetic/geographic?
geodetic, allavega talað í AE um mynd af hnetti sem er merktur geodetic og talað um hann sem geocentric.
Geographic, er þetta hnöttur sem dregur “radíus línuna þarna” út frá miðju eða ekki alveg að miðju?
ekki alveg að miðju. Held að þetta sé jafnarma og þar sem jörðin er ekki alveg spheroid þá verður equator línan styttri.
The meridians are parallel only at ___.
equator.
The diameter of earth is approximately __ km and it’s circumference is __ NM.
12,700km, 21,600 NM
The earth may be referred to as
a) elliptical
b) oblate spheroid
b) oblate spheroid
An aircraft is in the position 86°N 020°E. When following a rhumb line track of 085°(T) it will: fly via a ___ to the north pole.
spiral
The departure between position A (56°S 010°W) and position B (56°S 030°W) is more/equal/less than the great circle distance between A and B.
more
True direction at the vertex of a great circle is always _° or _°.
90° or 270°
Consider the following statements on departure: As the latitude increases, the departure between two meridians ___.
decreases. (Styttra á milli meridians þeim mun norðar sem þú ferð).
Deviation is:
a) a correction to be added to compass heading to obtain magnetic heading
b) a correctino to be added to magnetic heading to obtain compass heading
a) a correction to be added to compass heading to obtain magnetic heading
The directive force acting on a compass needle in an aircraft:
a) will always pull the north-seeking end down at southern magnetic latitudes and up at northern magnetic latitudes
b) is the resultant magnetic force in the horizontal plane in the position where the compass is installed
b) is the resultant magnetic force in the horizontal plane in the position where the compass is installed
Hvernig finnur þú út hvort variation er east eða west þegar þú færð staðsetningu á magnetic- og true north?
Variation er west ef magnetic north er nær þér og öfugt. E
If deviation is west then Compass North is east/west of Magnetic North
west. Dev er west þegar compass north er mest west.
If deviation is positive/negative, Compass North is bigger than Magnetic North
negative. Það virðist vera að negative VAR þegar plögg-inn talan er plús.
Ef þú færð gefið wind component, drift angle og tas og átt að finna “wind component on the reverse track”, hvað gerir þú?
Tekur bara wind component og setur öfugt gildi á það, t.d. ef wind component væri +45 kts þá er wind component on the reverse track: -45 kts.
Ef þú ert að reikna vind í stokk og ert með HDG set, vindurinn er hægra megin, ert x°L eða x°R?
x°R
Ef þú ert að vinna með stokkinn og þú átt að finna TT og GS, hvort er nákvæmara (og betra) að finna svarmöguleikann eftir TT eða GS?
TT, Ert að lesa GS mjög ónákvæmt en oftast er TT nokkuð nákvæmt þar sem WCA er oftast spot on og svo er hitt bara talið á skala annað en GS sem er áætlað bara.
Hver er formúlan fyrir drift?
Drift = Crosswind component * 60 / TAS
The __ ___ is a fictitious sun
mean sun
The mean sun is a ficticious sun coinciding each year with the apparent sun at the Spring Equinox and travelling along the ___ ____ at uniform speed.
celestial equator
Hverngi finnur þú iterative airspeed? Þú færð gefið FL, CAS og TAT
- Finnur gróflega TAS og notar bara TAT sem hitastig.
- Manst að leiðrétta fyrir compressibility ef TAS er yfir 300 kts í compress. glugganum
- Ferð nú í bláa gluggann og getur þaðan fengið Ram rise, plöggar því inn í SAT + Ram rise = TAT og ert þá kominn með SAT (rétt hitastig).
- Framkvæmir nú aftur það sem þú gerðir fyrst (líka compr. leiðréttingu) nema bara nú með réttu hitastigi og nú færðu rétt TAS.
Ef þú færð wind í dæmi, hvort áttu að ganga út frá því að hann sé true eða magnetic ef ekkert er um það sagt?
True, það myndi annars vera tiltekið að hann kæmi frá ATIS eða ATC.
Hvað myndi bearing 340° segja þér?
þú stefnir í 340° (20°L ef núverandi stefna er 360°).
Grid convergence is the difference in direction between __ and ___.
Grid north and True north.
When the magnetic north pole is west of the true north pole the variation is easterly/westerly and is +/-
westerly, -
The magnetic meridian in a position is the ___ direction of the earth’s magnetic field in that position, towards the magnetic north pole.
horizontal
Hvernig finnur þú convergency á polar stereographic kortum?
Það er bara convergency. T.d. á ferð frá 10°W TIL 20°W væri convergency 10 og CA þá 5.
The blue pole is situated in Northern ___.
Canada.
Departure is in great circle or rhumb line?
rhumb line
As latitude increases, the departure between two meridians ___.
decreases.
Er shape of the earth “ellipsoid”?
já
The points where the axis of the earth penetrates the surface of the earth is called the ___.
poles
The meridians are parallel only at ___.
equator.
The diameter of earth is approximately ___ km
12,700 km. Það er circumference sem er 21,600 NM
Dlong, hvað er það og í hverju er það mælt?
convergence = dlong * sin(lat)
dlong er bara hvað þú ferðast um margar gráður, þarft ekki að converta neitt.
Geodetic latitude and geocentric latitude coincide at ___ and on the ___.
poles, equator
Grid heading = ____ + easterly grivation (eða - westerly grivation).
Magnetic heading
Grid convergence is ____ for positions east of the grid datum.
easterly
Isogonals converge at the north and south geographic/magnetic poles
both!
At what approximate latitude is the length of one minute of arc along a meridian equal to one NM (1852m) correct?
a) 90° b) 0° c) 30° d) 45°
Rétt er 45°
Equator (0°): 1 NM = 1843m
Poles (90°): 1 NM = 1861m
Grind convergence is westerly/easterly for positions East of the grid datum meridian on the northern hemisphere.
westerly
Hver er besta reglan til að muna varðandi hvort að liquid swirl er að auka eða minnka beygjuskekkju?
Ef að vélin er að beygja þar sem mælir er sluggish (pól áttir) þá er þetta að auka villu en þar sem mælir er lively (að miðbaug) þá er þetta að draga úr villu.
Great circle has north vertex at 70N 130E, what is the position of the south vertex?
70S 50W
basicly breytir N í S og svo er longitude bara: 180 - longitúdið.
Hvað gerir þú ef þú ert beðinn um að reikna grid track?
Teiknar þetta upp, lang best.
Ath: Ef þú færð gefna átt á ákveðnum punkti og ekkert annað, þá þarftu að reikna og notar þú þá true = grid + west conv. (þetta gildir á norðurhveli held ég).
Convergency hér er bara STAÐSETNING þar sem tiltekin true track er fundin.
Ef það stendur “chart with a grid orientated on the 180° meridian” hvað þýðir það upp á teikninguna þína að gera?
þú hefur 180° að framan (niðri) á hringnum.
Ef þú ert beðinn um að finna maximum drift angle, hvernig gerir þú það
bara finna course(t) og segja plús/mínus 90° þá ertu með wind beint á hlið, sú vindátt gefur maximum drift angle.
Hvernig finnur þú true altitude?
Getur fundið í stokki en passaðu að nota altitude glugga, ekki airspeed glugga. Getur held ég líka bara reiknað pressure altitude * 0.004 * ISA.
Þú ert að reikna út TAS og færð við útreikninginn að CAS 423 = TAS 468. Hvað þarftu nú að gera?
Leiðrétta compressability error. Ferð þá í Comp. corr. gluggann.
GS er 200 og headwind factor er 40, hver er TAS?
240
Ef þú ert með ákveðin GS og færð aukningu um 50%, getur þú tekið Mach og sagt sinnum 1,5?
Nei, þetta verður að vera út frá TAS.
Sunset is the time when the observer at __ __ sees the last part of the sun disappear
sea level
Begin of morning civil twilight and end of evening civil twilight are defined by: sun altitude is 6° below the ___ ___.
celestial horizon
The sun’s declination is the sun’s position relative to the plane of the ___.
Equator
A “day” is by definition: The period elapsed between two successive transits of _ ___ ____.
a heavenly body
The times given for Sunrise, Sunset, Morning and Evening twilight in the Air Almanac
a. Are given in GMT
b. Are given in UTC
c. Are given in LMT
c. Are given in LMT
The mean sun: Moves with constant speed along the ___ ___.
celestial equator
Aphelion occurs in what month?
July
Local hour angle at 12:00 LMT is..
0°
Hvað ákveður standard time?
local government
00:00 LMT, apparent/mean sun is in transit with the observers anti-meridian.
mean
Sidereal day is
a) shorter in winter than in summer
b) of constant duration
b) of constant duration
The reason that the solar day lasts longer than the sidereal day is that:
a) the orbital track of the sun is an ellipse
b) both the direction of rotation of the Earth around its axis and its orbital rotation around the sun are the same.
b) both the direction of rotation of the Earth around its axis and its orbital rotation around the sun are the same.
At 00:00 Local Mean Time of an observer:
a) the mean Sun is in transit with the observer’s anti-meridian.
b) the apparent Sun is in transit with the observers anti-meridian.
a) the mean Sun is in transit with the observer’s anti-meridian.
By the term “transit” of a heavenly body it is understood that
a) the body is moving
b) the body is passing the meridian of the observer or another specified meridian
b) the body is passing the meridian of the observer or another specified meridian
