BASIC - LAB 1

Question 1

apocrine sweat glands are controlled by _____ stimulation

Answer 1

adrenegic

Question 2

which glands are innervated by the cholinergic post ganglionic sympathetic nervous system

Answer 2

eccrine glands

Question 3

eccrine sweating is activated in response to changes in

Answer 3

body temperature

Question 4

the release of ________ at the nerve endings around the eccrine glands determine the rate of sweat rate

Answer 4

acetyl choline

Question 5

what blocks eccrine sweat secretion?

Answer 5

muscarinic antagonists

Question 6

what stimulates eccrine glands?

Answer 6

catecholamines such as Epi and NorEpi

Question 7

what does acetylcholine bind to when released from terminals?

Answer 7

muscarinic M3 receptors

Question 8

what does the M3 receptors activate?

Answer 8

release of Na+, K+ and Cl- cotransporters to secrete an isotonic fluid (sweat)

Question 9

name 3 cholinergic drugs

Answer 9

acetylcholine
pilocarpine
methacholine

Question 10

what is hyperhidrosis?

Answer 10

a skin disorder that results in excessice sweating

it can lower plasma Na+ and Cl- levels and lead to short and long term complications

associated with certain diseases and conditions

Question 11

what are some common treatments for hyperhidrosis/

Answer 11

topical antiperspirants containing aluminum or glycols, orla anticholinergic drugs, and laser and botulinum toxin treatment

Question 12

what is hypohidrosis?

Answer 12

the reduced ability to sweat

Question 13

what is Anhidrosis?

Answer 13

the inability to sweat

Question 14

what are individuals with hypohidrosis or anhidrosis predisposed to?

Answer 14

hyperthermia

Question 15

what is the idoine starch sweat test?

Answer 15

iodine reacts with starch in presence of mositure to form a purple color

Question 16

naturally where is sweat more concetrated?

Answer 16

palms of hands

Question 17

T or F there is no difference in sweat gland production between males and females

Answer 17

false

Question 18

what is another name for galvanic skin response

Answer 18

electrodermal respose, psychogalvanic reflex, skin conductance response, adn skin conductance level

Question 19

explain the GSR

Answer 19

rapid inspiration, electrical stimulation and emotion induces a change in skin potential or a hange in the electrical resistance of the skin

skin resistance decreases when the sympathetic nerbous system is activated and in certain diseases affecting sweating

Question 20

what is the function of sweat content analysis?

Answer 20

sweat chloride level is sueful in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis

sweat is also analyzed for substance abuse - amphetamines

Question 21

what is the function of skin biopsies?

Answer 21

microscopic ecamination of sweat gland innervation defects

Question 22

define anemia

Answer 22

diseases resulting in decreased oxygen carrying capcity of the blood and related to blood hemoglobin concetrationh

Question 23

what are some common symptoms associated with significant anemia

Answer 23

fatigure, tachycardia, pale skin, shortness of breath, dizziness, and headache

Question 24

what are the different classifications of anemia

Answer 24

onset, size of red blood cell, cause, genetic, nutritional deficiencies

Question 25

what are the two types of anemia onset?

Answer 25

acute chronic

Question 26

what are the types of red blood cell size?

Answer 26

microcytic anemia macrocytic anemia

Question 27

what are the difference causes of anemia

Answer 27

hypoproliferative maturation hemorrhage/hemolytic drug induced disease

Question 28

how can anemia be diagnosed?

Answer 28

using lab tests that evaluate red blood cells

Question 29

what measures the percentage of the total blood volume taken up by RBCs

Answer 29

hematocrit

Question 30

t of F: hematocrit is closely associated with the RBC count

Answer 30

T

Question 31

what measures the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood

Answer 31

hemoglobin

Question 32

what is MCV?

Answer 32

mean corpuscular volume = measures the average volume of the blood cells

Question 33

how to determine MCV?

Answer 33

dividing the hematocrit by the total RBC count MCV = hematocrit % x 10 / RBC

Question 34

what does an increase in MCV value suggest?

Answer 34

abnormally large or macrocytic rbcs

Question 35

what does a decrease in MCV value suggest?

Answer 35

abnormally small or microcytic

Question 36

what are the characterizations of microcytic anemi?

Answer 36

small hypochromic red blood cells low mcv

Question 37

what are the characterizations of macrocytic anemia

Answer 37

mwfaloblastic or non megaloblastic large oval rbs hypersegmented neutrophils increased mcv

Question 38

what are the most common causes of megaloblastic anemia?

Answer 38

due to deficiency or defective utilization of vitamin b12 and folate

Question 39

what is sickle cell anemia

Answer 39

hereditary form of anemia where a single nucleotide mutation in the hemoglobin gene alters the interaction of the hemoglobin chains

Question 40

what is a key characteristic of sickle cell anemia

Answer 40

red bblood cells have a crescent shape at low oxygen levels

Question 41

T or F: water follows ion movement

Answer 41

t

Question 42

in which gland is thermal sweat produced?

Answer 42

eccrine, which is widely distributed

Question 43

eccrine glands secrete a solution which mainly contains ions making this solution ____ compared to plasma relatively

Answer 43

hypotonic

Question 44

_____ glands produce secretions richer in fats, proteins, and salts

Answer 44

apocrine

Question 45

the quantity of sweat secreted from glands depends on

Answer 45

the size, sensitivity, and overally activity of the glands

Question 46

how do cholinergic drugs such as pilocarpine increase sweat production by

Answer 46

mimicking acetylcholine

Question 47

what is an example of anticholinergic drugs

Answer 47

atropine

Question 48

how do anticholinergic drugs function

Answer 48

compete with acetylcholine

Question 49

what triggers red blood cell formation in the red bone marrow

Answer 49

erythropoietin

Question 50

what is a glycoprotein hormone that controls red blood cell production

Answer 50

erythropoietin

Question 51

where is erythropoietin made

Answer 51

in the kidneys

Question 52

t or f: rbc has nuclei

Answer 52

false rbc do not have nuclei

Question 53

hemoglobin uses _____ ion sto bind oxygen and transport it to tissues

Answer 53

iron

Question 54

what does treatment for anemia involve?

Answer 54

raising red blood cell counts, hemoglobin levels or by administering dietary supple,emts