BASIC - LAB 1 Flashcards
apocrine sweat glands are controlled by _____ stimulation
adrenegic
which glands are innervated by the cholinergic post ganglionic sympathetic nervous system
eccrine glands
eccrine sweating is activated in response to changes in
body temperature
the release of ________ at the nerve endings around the eccrine glands determine the rate of sweat rate
acetyl choline
what blocks eccrine sweat secretion?
muscarinic antagonists
what stimulates eccrine glands?
catecholamines such as Epi and NorEpi
what does acetylcholine bind to when released from terminals?
muscarinic M3 receptors
what does the M3 receptors activate?
release of Na+, K+ and Cl- cotransporters to secrete an isotonic fluid (sweat)
name 3 cholinergic drugs
acetylcholine
pilocarpine
methacholine
what is hyperhidrosis?
a skin disorder that results in excessice sweating
it can lower plasma Na+ and Cl- levels and lead to short and long term complications
associated with certain diseases and conditions
what are some common treatments for hyperhidrosis/
topical antiperspirants containing aluminum or glycols, orla anticholinergic drugs, and laser and botulinum toxin treatment
what is hypohidrosis?
the reduced ability to sweat
what is Anhidrosis?
the inability to sweat
what are individuals with hypohidrosis or anhidrosis predisposed to?
hyperthermia
what is the idoine starch sweat test?
iodine reacts with starch in presence of mositure to form a purple color
naturally where is sweat more concetrated?
palms of hands
T or F there is no difference in sweat gland production between males and females
false
what is another name for galvanic skin response
electrodermal respose, psychogalvanic reflex, skin conductance response, adn skin conductance level
explain the GSR
rapid inspiration, electrical stimulation and emotion induces a change in skin potential or a hange in the electrical resistance of the skin
skin resistance decreases when the sympathetic nerbous system is activated and in certain diseases affecting sweating
what is the function of sweat content analysis?
sweat chloride level is sueful in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis
sweat is also analyzed for substance abuse - amphetamines
what is the function of skin biopsies?
microscopic ecamination of sweat gland innervation defects
define anemia
diseases resulting in decreased oxygen carrying capcity of the blood and related to blood hemoglobin concetrationh
what are some common symptoms associated with significant anemia
fatigure, tachycardia, pale skin, shortness of breath, dizziness, and headache
what are the different classifications of anemia
onset, size of red blood cell, cause, genetic, nutritional deficiencies
what are the two types of anemia onset?
acute
chronic
what are the types of red blood cell size?
microcytic anemia
macrocytic anemia
what are the difference causes of anemia
hypoproliferative
maturation
hemorrhage/hemolytic
drug induced
disease
how can anemia be diagnosed?
using lab tests that evaluate red blood cells
what measures the percentage of the total blood volume taken up by RBCs
hematocrit
t of F: hematocrit is closely associated with the RBC count
T
what measures the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood
hemoglobin
what is MCV?
mean corpuscular volume = measures the average volume of the blood cells
how to determine MCV?
dividing the hematocrit by the total RBC count
MCV = hematocrit % x 10 / RBC
what does an increase in MCV value suggest?
abnormally large or macrocytic rbcs
what does a decrease in MCV value suggest?
abnormally small or microcytic
what are the characterizations of microcytic anemi?
small
hypochromic red blood cells
low mcv
what are the characterizations of macrocytic anemia
mwfaloblastic or non megaloblastic
large
oval rbs
hypersegmented neutrophils
increased mcv
what are the most common causes of megaloblastic anemia?
due to deficiency or defective utilization of vitamin b12 and folate
what is sickle cell anemia
hereditary form of anemia where a single nucleotide mutation in the hemoglobin gene alters the interaction of the hemoglobin chains
what is a key characteristic of sickle cell anemia
red bblood cells have a crescent shape at low oxygen levels
T or F: water follows ion movement
t
in which gland is thermal sweat produced?
eccrine, which is widely distributed
eccrine glands secrete a solution which mainly contains ions making this solution ____ compared to plasma relatively
hypotonic
_____ glands produce secretions richer in fats, proteins, and salts
apocrine
the quantity of sweat secreted from glands depends on
the size, sensitivity, and overally activity of the glands
how do cholinergic drugs such as pilocarpine increase sweat production by
mimicking acetylcholine
what is an example of anticholinergic drugs
atropine
how do anticholinergic drugs function
compete with acetylcholine
what triggers red blood cell formation in the red bone marrow
erythropoietin
what is a glycoprotein hormone that controls red blood cell production
erythropoietin
where is erythropoietin made
in the kidneys
t or f: rbc has nuclei
false
rbc do not have nuclei
hemoglobin uses _____ ion sto bind oxygen and transport it to tissues
iron
what does treatment for anemia involve?
raising red blood cell counts, hemoglobin levels or by administering dietary supple,emts
