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PPI - LAB FINAL > BASIC - LAB 1 > Flashcards

BASIC - LAB 1 Flashcards

1
Q

apocrine sweat glands are controlled by _____ stimulation

A

adrenegic

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2
Q

which glands are innervated by the cholinergic post ganglionic sympathetic nervous system

A

eccrine glands

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3
Q

eccrine sweating is activated in response to changes in

A

body temperature

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4
Q

the release of ________ at the nerve endings around the eccrine glands determine the rate of sweat rate

A

acetyl choline

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5
Q

what blocks eccrine sweat secretion?

A

muscarinic antagonists

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6
Q

what stimulates eccrine glands?

A

catecholamines such as Epi and NorEpi

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7
Q

what does acetylcholine bind to when released from terminals?

A

muscarinic M3 receptors

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8
Q

what does the M3 receptors activate?

A

release of Na+, K+ and Cl- cotransporters to secrete an isotonic fluid (sweat)

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9
Q

name 3 cholinergic drugs

A

acetylcholine
pilocarpine
methacholine

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10
Q

what is hyperhidrosis?

A

a skin disorder that results in excessice sweating

it can lower plasma Na+ and Cl- levels and lead to short and long term complications

associated with certain diseases and conditions

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11
Q

what are some common treatments for hyperhidrosis/

A

topical antiperspirants containing aluminum or glycols, orla anticholinergic drugs, and laser and botulinum toxin treatment

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12
Q

what is hypohidrosis?

A

the reduced ability to sweat

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13
Q

what is Anhidrosis?

A

the inability to sweat

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14
Q

what are individuals with hypohidrosis or anhidrosis predisposed to?

A

hyperthermia

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15
Q

what is the idoine starch sweat test?

A

iodine reacts with starch in presence of mositure to form a purple color

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16
Q

naturally where is sweat more concetrated?

A

palms of hands

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17
Q

T or F there is no difference in sweat gland production between males and females

A

false

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18
Q

what is another name for galvanic skin response

A

electrodermal respose, psychogalvanic reflex, skin conductance response, adn skin conductance level

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19
Q

explain the GSR

A

rapid inspiration, electrical stimulation and emotion induces a change in skin potential or a hange in the electrical resistance of the skin

skin resistance decreases when the sympathetic nerbous system is activated and in certain diseases affecting sweating

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20
Q

what is the function of sweat content analysis?

A

sweat chloride level is sueful in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis

sweat is also analyzed for substance abuse - amphetamines

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21
Q

what is the function of skin biopsies?

A

microscopic ecamination of sweat gland innervation defects

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22
Q

define anemia

A

diseases resulting in decreased oxygen carrying capcity of the blood and related to blood hemoglobin concetrationh

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23
Q

what are some common symptoms associated with significant anemia

A

fatigure, tachycardia, pale skin, shortness of breath, dizziness, and headache

24
Q

what are the different classifications of anemia

A

onset, size of red blood cell, cause, genetic, nutritional deficiencies

25
Q

what are the two types of anemia onset?

A

acute
chronic

26
Q

what are the types of red blood cell size?

A

microcytic anemia
macrocytic anemia

27
Q

what are the difference causes of anemia

A

hypoproliferative
maturation
hemorrhage/hemolytic
drug induced
disease

28
Q

how can anemia be diagnosed?

A

using lab tests that evaluate red blood cells

29
Q

what measures the percentage of the total blood volume taken up by RBCs

A

hematocrit

30
Q

t of F: hematocrit is closely associated with the RBC count

A

T

31
Q

what measures the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood

A

hemoglobin

32
Q

what is MCV?

A

mean corpuscular volume = measures the average volume of the blood cells

33
Q

how to determine MCV?

A

dividing the hematocrit by the total RBC count
MCV = hematocrit % x 10 / RBC

34
Q

what does an increase in MCV value suggest?

A

abnormally large or macrocytic rbcs

35
Q

what does a decrease in MCV value suggest?

A

abnormally small or microcytic

36
Q

what are the characterizations of microcytic anemi?

A

small
hypochromic red blood cells
low mcv

37
Q

what are the characterizations of macrocytic anemia

A

mwfaloblastic or non megaloblastic
large
oval rbs
hypersegmented neutrophils
increased mcv

38
Q

what are the most common causes of megaloblastic anemia?

A

due to deficiency or defective utilization of vitamin b12 and folate

39
Q

what is sickle cell anemia

A

hereditary form of anemia where a single nucleotide mutation in the hemoglobin gene alters the interaction of the hemoglobin chains

40
Q

what is a key characteristic of sickle cell anemia

A

red bblood cells have a crescent shape at low oxygen levels

41
Q

T or F: water follows ion movement

A

t

42
Q

in which gland is thermal sweat produced?

A

eccrine, which is widely distributed

43
Q

eccrine glands secrete a solution which mainly contains ions making this solution ____ compared to plasma relatively

A

hypotonic

44
Q

_____ glands produce secretions richer in fats, proteins, and salts

A

apocrine

45
Q

the quantity of sweat secreted from glands depends on

A

the size, sensitivity, and overally activity of the glands

46
Q

how do cholinergic drugs such as pilocarpine increase sweat production by

A

mimicking acetylcholine

47
Q

what is an example of anticholinergic drugs

A

atropine

48
Q

how do anticholinergic drugs function

A

compete with acetylcholine

49
Q

what triggers red blood cell formation in the red bone marrow

A

erythropoietin

50
Q

what is a glycoprotein hormone that controls red blood cell production

A

erythropoietin

51
Q

where is erythropoietin made

A

in the kidneys

52
Q

t or f: rbc has nuclei

A

false
rbc do not have nuclei

53
Q

hemoglobin uses _____ ion sto bind oxygen and transport it to tissues

A

iron

54
Q

what does treatment for anemia involve?

A

raising red blood cell counts, hemoglobin levels or by administering dietary supple,emts

55
Q
A

PPI - LAB FINAL (7 decks)

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