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Pathology > Basic Immunopathology > Flashcards

Basic Immunopathology Flashcards

1
Q

2 Categories of normal immune response

A

1- Innate response
2- Adaptive response

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2
Q

Innate response

A

1- inflammation
2-anti-viral defenses
Always present
First line of defense
Epi cells, pahocytic cells, dendritic cells, and a cells ,Innate lymphoid cells, several plasma proteins
Pattern recognition receptors

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3
Q

What are the types of receptors and cells that involved in Innate response

A

Toll like receptors
NOD-like receptors
C-type lectin receptors
RIG-like receptors
Pattern recognition receptors
Epithelia
Monocytes and neutrophils
Dendritic cells
Innate lymphoid cells
Natural killer cells
Plasma proteins

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4
Q

What is the role of Toll-like receptors in innate response

A

Leukocytes,ep, cells recognize components of microbes by these receptors
Presenter in plasma membrane and endosomal vesicles

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5
Q

What are the roles of NOD-like receptors in innate response

A

Intracellular sensors of PAMPs

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6
Q

What are the roles of C-type lectin receptors in innate response

A

On the plasma membrane of macrophages and DCs detect fungal glycans and elicit inflammatory reactions to fungi.

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7
Q

What are the roles of RIG-like receptors in innate response

A

Located in the cyt Oslo,detect nuclei acids of viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells.

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8
Q

What are the roles of pattern recognition receptors in innate response

A

Plasma membrane receptors detect extra cellular microbes
Endosomal receptors detect ingested microbes
Cytosolic receptors detect microbes in the cytoplasm

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9
Q

What are the roles of epithelia cells in the innate response

A

Mechanical barrier
produce anti microbial mol. (Defensins)
Lymphocytes located in the epi.stop microbes

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10
Q

What are the roles of monocytes and neutrophils in the innate response

A

Monocytes that enter to tissues and mature — macrophages — antigen presenting
Senses the presence of microbes
Ingest and destroy them.

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11
Q

What are the roles of dendritic cells in innate response

A

Presentation of ag — capture protein ag, display peptides for recognition by T lymphocytes
Secretion of cytokines— in inflammation and antiviral defense

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12
Q

What are the roles of Innate lymphoid cells in innate response

A

Natural killer cells— early protection
Tissue resident lymphocytes don’t have T-cell ag receptor
Sources of inflammatory cytokines during early phases of immune reactions
Cannot respond to ag , instead activated by cytokines at sites of tissue damage

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13
Q

What are the roles of the NK cells in innate response

A

Large granular lymphocyte= contain azurophilic granules, not bear T cell receptor or cell surface Ig.
Kill without previous sensization— lyse tumor cells, lyse virally infected cell, secrete cytokines

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14
Q

What are the roles of plasma proteins in innate response

A

Has a role in complement system
Mannose-binding lectin
C-reactive protein.

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15
Q

Types of adaptive immunity

A

Humoral
Cellular

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16
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Protects against extra cellular microbes and their toxins
Mediated B lymphocytes— Ig

17
Q

Cellular Immunity

A

Defense against intracellular microbes and against cancers
Mediated by T Lymphocytes

18
Q

What are the examples of Lymphocytes

A

Mature: not encountered with ag — naive
Effector: eliminate microbes
Memory: live in an state of awareness
CD8 T cell, B cell,Regulatory T cell, CD4 T cell

19
Q

B and T cells are concentrated in

A

B— follicles, germinal center
T— paracortex

20
Q

What are the types of T lymphocytes

A

Helper T lymphocytes— stimulate B to make ab and activate other leukocytes to destroy microbes.
Cytotoxic killer T lymphocytes — kill infected cells
Regulatory T lymphocytes — limit immune responses and present reactions against self ag.

21
Q

How does T cell recognizes ag

A

By specific T-cell receptor (TCR)

22
Q

What is the importance of CD4 and CD8

A

Required to initiate signals that activate T cells
Expressed on alpha beta T cells

23
Q

What is the importance of CD4+T cell

A

Conductor of the immune system by secreting solvable factors— cytokines

24
Q

What is the importance of TCR and features of it

A

Has 2 subunits alphabeta and gammasigma
Has a CD3 complex which TCR binds to this complex and to zeta chains
ALL OF THE CD3 ARE IDENTICAL — do not contribute to the specificity.

25
Q

What are the units of T Cell Receptor Complex

A

CD3
Zeta chains
Alphabeta/ gammasigma

26
Q

Alphabeta TCR

A

Recognize ag that are displayed by major histocompatibilty complex (MHC) of ag presenting cells.

27
Q

Gammasigma TCR

A

Recognize peptides, lipids, small mol. Without MHC
Tend to aggregate at epi. Surfaces
Protection against microbes that try to enter through epi.

28
Q

What are the featıures of B lymphocytes

A

Capable of producing ab
Ig synthesis and secretion
Present in LN, spleen, tonsil

29
Q

How does the recognition of B cells occur

A

By B CELL AG RECEPTOR COMPLEX
Composed of IgM or IgD
CD21 is the receptor
Has unique ag specificity, derived from somatic rearrangement of Ig genes.

30
Q

Features of macrophages

A

Phagocyte microbe and protein ag — innate immunity
Process ag and present peptide fragments to T cells— ag presentation
In cellular immunity— T cells activate macrophages and enhance ability to kill ingested microbes
In humoral immunity— phagocytes microbes that opsonized by IgG or C3b

31
Q

Features of dendritic cells

A

Interdigitating DCs= under epi., most important ag-presenting cells for initiating T cell responses against protein ag.
Follicular DCs= in the germinal centers of lymphoid follicles in spleen, LN , production of humoral immune response

32
Q

Lymphoid organs

A

Generative= thymus, bone marrow
Peripheral= LN,spleen,mucosal and cutaneous lymphoid tissues

33
Q

Histocompatibilty molecules types

A

MHC 1= on all nucleated cells and platelet. Bind and display peptides that derived from proteins, CD8+ Cytotoxic Tcells can recognize viral or other peptides only if presented by these.

MHC 2= lonely restricted to ag- presenting cell. Present exo.ag , CD4 + helper T cells can recognize ag only if presented as a complex with class 2 mol.

Pathology (12 decks)

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