Acute Inflammation Flashcards
Inflammation is seen in which type of tissues
Vascularized tissues
Components of inflammation
Blood vessels
Leukocytes
Platelets
Plasma proteins
Cellular and extra cellular constituents of CT
Inflammation can cause
Autoimmune diseases
Allergies
Septic shock
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Chronic diseases
Metabolic,degenerative or genetic diseases
Cancers
Which inflammation type is confined to the site of infection
Local inflammation
Which type of inflammation is disseminated bacterial infection
Systemic inflammation
In chronic inflammation which cellular components are involved
Monocytes/ macrophages
Lymphocytes
Cardinal signs of inflammation
Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function
Rubor
Redness
Tumor
Swelling
Calore
Heat
Dolore
Pain
Causes of inflammation
Infections
Tissue necrosis
Foreign bodies
Immune reactions
Physical agents
Chemicals
Three major components of acute inflammation
Vascular dilation and increase in blood flow
Increased vascular permeability
Leukocyte emigration and accumulation in the focus of injury
3 mechanisms in increased vascular permeability
Contraction of endothelial cells
Endothelial injury
Transcytosis
Reactions of blood vessels in acute inflammation
Exudation
Exudate—> high protein content
Transudate
Edema
Pus
Journey of leukocytes
Movement in the lumen of blood vessels
Migration across the endothelium —> Ig —> CD31
Migration in the tissues towards the chemotactic stimulus
Features of vasodilation
One of the earliest manifestations of acute inflammation
First and the immediate change in the vessels
Due to several mediators —> histamine
Begins in arterioles
Results in increased blood flow
Redness at the site of inflammation
Features of Contraction of endothelial cells in increased vascular permeability
Most common mechanism
Histmaine, Bradykinin, Leukotrienes, NO
Occurs immediately
Short lived
Immediate transient response
Which event occurs in the movement of leukocytes in the lumen of blood vessels
Margination
Rolling
Adhesion
Endothelial and leukokocyte adhesion molecules
Selectins
Integrins
Ig
Importance of endothelial and leukocyte adhesion molecules
leukocyte rolling
Adhesion
Migration
Stimulated by cytokines
Expressed on endo cells and leukocytes
Rolling is mediated by which endothelial and leukocyte adhesion molecule
Selectins
Adhesion is mediated by
Integrins
Integrins expressed on
Leukocytes
Selectins types
L-selectin
E-selectin
P-Selectin
Distribution of Selectins
Neutrophils,monocytes, T cells, B cells—> L-selectin
Endothelium activated by cytokines —> E-selectin, P-Selectin
Histamine,thrombin—> p-selectin
Integrins molecules
LFA-1
MAC-1
VLA-4
A4b7
Distribution of Integrin molecules
LFA-1—> neutrophils,monocytes, T cells
MAC-1—> Monocytes, DCs
VLA-4—> monocytes, T cells
A4b7—> T cells, monocytes
Molecule of Ig
CD31
Distribution of the Ig molecule ım which cells
Endothelial cells
Leukocytes
Ligands of integrins
ICAM-1
VCAM-2
Migration across the endothelium with which events
Transmigration
Diapedesis
Mediated by adhesion molecule —> CD31
How does migration in the tissues towards the chemotatic stimulus happens
Chemotaxis —> locomotion along a chemical gradient
Steps of Chemotaxis
Chemoattractants bind to specific receptors on leukocytes
Polymerization of actin and locazlization of myosin in leukocytes
Extend filopodia
Moves towards the direction of the source of chemoattractants
Types of chemoattractants
Exo= bacterial products
Endo= Cytokines, C3a, C5a ,*Leukotriene B4
Which molecules have a role in the Acute inflammation
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Which events occur after recruitment of leukocytes activated to perform their antimicrobial effects
Recognition of the the injurious agent
Activation of leukocytes
Phagocytosis and intracellular killing
Which receptors involved in Recognition of the injurious agent
Receptor of phagocytes —> TLR
G-protein coupled receptor
Receptors for opsonins
Receptors for cytokines
Receptors for microbial products
Toll like receptors
Present on the cell surface and in endosomal vesicles of leukocytes
Recognize extracellular and ingested microbial products — Lipopolysaccharides
G protein coupled receptor
Found on leukocytes
Recognise bacterial N-formylmethionyl
Binding to their ligand
Opsonins
Protein that coat microbe
Target for phagocytosis
Ig ab, C3b breakdown product of complement, plasma lectins are the major opsonins
Opsonins receptor
Fc receptor for ab
CR1 for complement
Mannose receptors for mannose residues
Most important cytokine
Interferon gamma —> secreted by natural killer cells
Steps of phagocytosis
Recognition
Engulfment
Digestion
Two major phagocytes
Neutrophil
Monocytes and macrophages
Antiinflammatory cytokines
Transforming Growth factor-beta
IL-10
Mediators of inflammation
Cell derived mediators
Plasma protein derived mediators
Cell derived mediators
Histamine
Serotonin
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Platelet activating factor
ROS
NO
Cytokines IL-1 and TNF
Chemokines
Plasma protein derived mediators
Complement products —> C3a, C5a, C4a
Kinins
Role of Histamine as a cell derived mediators of inflammation
Stored in mast cells in cytoplasmic granules
Secrete by degranulation
One of the first released mediators in inflammation
Vasodilation and increasing vascular permeability
Vasodilation Eicosanoids
Prostaglandins PGI2, PGE1, PGE2, PGD2
Vasoconstrictor Eicosanoids
Thromboxane A2
Leukotriene C4,D4,E4
Eicosanoids that increases vascular permeability
Leukotrienes C4,D4,E4
Eicosanoids that involved in chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion
Leukotrienes B4
HETE
Types of NO
Endothelial eNOS
Neuronal nNOS
Inducible iNOS
Cytokines that in acute inflammation
TNF
IL-6
IL-1
Chemokines
Cytokines in chronic inflammation
IL-12
IFN-gamma
IL-17
Functions of complement system in inflammation
C3a,C5a,C4a
-Stimulate histamine release
-Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
C5a
-chemotoxin
Functions of complement system in phagocytosis
C3b
-function as an opsonin
-coat the microbes and prepare them to phagocytosis
