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Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation is seen in which type of tissues

A

Vascularized tissues

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2
Q

Components of inflammation

A

Blood vessels
Leukocytes
Platelets
Plasma proteins
Cellular and extra cellular constituents of CT

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3
Q

Inflammation can cause

A

Autoimmune diseases
Allergies
Septic shock
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Chronic diseases
Metabolic,degenerative or genetic diseases
Cancers

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4
Q

Which inflammation type is confined to the site of infection

A

Local inflammation

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5
Q

Which type of inflammation is disseminated bacterial infection

A

Systemic inflammation

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6
Q

In chronic inflammation which cellular components are involved

A

Monocytes/ macrophages
Lymphocytes

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7
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function

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8
Q

Rubor

A

Redness

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9
Q

Tumor

A

Swelling

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10
Q

Calore

A

Heat

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11
Q

Dolore

A

Pain

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12
Q

Causes of inflammation

A

Infections
Tissue necrosis
Foreign bodies
Immune reactions
Physical agents
Chemicals

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13
Q

Three major components of acute inflammation

A

Vascular dilation and increase in blood flow
Increased vascular permeability
Leukocyte emigration and accumulation in the focus of injury

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14
Q

3 mechanisms in increased vascular permeability

A

Contraction of endothelial cells
Endothelial injury
Transcytosis

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15
Q

Reactions of blood vessels in acute inflammation

A

Exudation
Exudate—> high protein content
Transudate
Edema
Pus

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16
Q

Journey of leukocytes

A

Movement in the lumen of blood vessels
Migration across the endothelium —> Ig —> CD31
Migration in the tissues towards the chemotactic stimulus

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17
Q

Features of vasodilation

A

One of the earliest manifestations of acute inflammation
First and the immediate change in the vessels
Due to several mediators —> histamine
Begins in arterioles
Results in increased blood flow
Redness at the site of inflammation

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18
Q

Features of Contraction of endothelial cells in increased vascular permeability

A

Most common mechanism
Histmaine, Bradykinin, Leukotrienes, NO
Occurs immediately
Short lived
Immediate transient response

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19
Q

Which event occurs in the movement of leukocytes in the lumen of blood vessels

A

Margination
Rolling
Adhesion

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20
Q

Endothelial and leukokocyte adhesion molecules

A

Selectins
Integrins
Ig

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21
Q

Importance of endothelial and leukocyte adhesion molecules

A

leukocyte rolling
Adhesion
Migration
Stimulated by cytokines
Expressed on endo cells and leukocytes

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22
Q

Rolling is mediated by which endothelial and leukocyte adhesion molecule

A

Selectins

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23
Q

Adhesion is mediated by

A

Integrins

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24
Q

Integrins expressed on

A

Leukocytes

25
Selectins types
L-selectin E-selectin P-Selectin
26
Distribution of Selectins
Neutrophils,monocytes, T cells, B cells—> L-selectin Endothelium activated by cytokines —> E-selectin, P-Selectin Histamine,thrombin—> p-selectin
27
Integrins molecules
LFA-1 MAC-1 VLA-4 A4b7
28
Distribution of Integrin molecules
LFA-1—> neutrophils,monocytes, T cells MAC-1—> Monocytes, DCs VLA-4—> monocytes, T cells A4b7—> T cells, monocytes
29
Molecule of Ig
CD31
30
Distribution of the Ig molecule ım which cells
Endothelial cells Leukocytes
31
Ligands of integrins
ICAM-1 VCAM-2
32
Migration across the endothelium with which events
Transmigration Diapedesis Mediated by adhesion molecule —> CD31
33
How does migration in the tissues towards the chemotatic stimulus happens
Chemotaxis —> locomotion along a chemical gradient
34
Steps of Chemotaxis
Chemoattractants bind to specific receptors on leukocytes Polymerization of actin and locazlization of myosin in leukocytes Extend filopodia Moves towards the direction of the source of chemoattractants
35
Types of chemoattractants
Exo= bacterial products Endo= Cytokines, C3a, C5a ,*Leukotriene B4
36
Which molecules have a role in the Acute inflammation
Neutrophils Monocytes
37
Which events occur after recruitment of leukocytes activated to perform their antimicrobial effects
Recognition of the the injurious agent Activation of leukocytes Phagocytosis and intracellular killing
38
Which receptors involved in Recognition of the injurious agent
Receptor of phagocytes —> TLR G-protein coupled receptor Receptors for opsonins Receptors for cytokines
39
Receptors for microbial products
Toll like receptors Present on the cell surface and in endosomal vesicles of leukocytes Recognize extracellular and ingested microbial products — Lipopolysaccharides
40
G protein coupled receptor
Found on leukocytes Recognise bacterial N-formylmethionyl Binding to their ligand
41
Opsonins
Protein that coat microbe Target for phagocytosis Ig ab, C3b breakdown product of complement, plasma lectins are the major opsonins
42
Opsonins receptor
Fc receptor for ab CR1 for complement Mannose receptors for mannose residues
43
Most important cytokine
Interferon gamma —> secreted by natural killer cells
44
Steps of phagocytosis
Recognition Engulfment Digestion
45
Two major phagocytes
Neutrophil Monocytes and macrophages
46
Antiinflammatory cytokines
Transforming Growth factor-beta IL-10
47
Mediators of inflammation
Cell derived mediators Plasma protein derived mediators
48
Cell derived mediators
Histamine Serotonin Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Platelet activating factor ROS NO Cytokines IL-1 and TNF Chemokines
49
Plasma protein derived mediators
Complement products —> C3a, C5a, C4a Kinins
50
Role of Histamine as a cell derived mediators of inflammation
Stored in mast cells in cytoplasmic granules Secrete by degranulation One of the first released mediators in inflammation Vasodilation and increasing vascular permeability
51
Vasodilation Eicosanoids
Prostaglandins PGI2, PGE1, PGE2, PGD2
52
Vasoconstrictor Eicosanoids
Thromboxane A2 Leukotriene C4,D4,E4
53
Eicosanoids that increases vascular permeability
Leukotrienes C4,D4,E4
54
Eicosanoids that involved in chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion
Leukotrienes B4 HETE
55
Types of NO
Endothelial eNOS Neuronal nNOS Inducible iNOS
56
Cytokines that in acute inflammation
TNF IL-6 IL-1 Chemokines
57
Cytokines in chronic inflammation
IL-12 IFN-gamma IL-17
58
Functions of complement system in inflammation
C3a,C5a,C4a -Stimulate histamine release -Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability C5a -chemotoxin
59
Functions of complement system in phagocytosis
C3b -function as an opsonin -coat the microbes and prepare them to phagocytosis

Pathology (12 decks)

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