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Pathology > Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation is seen in which type of tissues

A

Vascularized tissues

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2
Q

Components of inflammation

A

Blood vessels
Leukocytes
Platelets
Plasma proteins
Cellular and extra cellular constituents of CT

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3
Q

Inflammation can cause

A

Autoimmune diseases
Allergies
Septic shock
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Chronic diseases
Metabolic,degenerative or genetic diseases
Cancers

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4
Q

Which inflammation type is confined to the site of infection

A

Local inflammation

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5
Q

Which type of inflammation is disseminated bacterial infection

A

Systemic inflammation

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6
Q

In chronic inflammation which cellular components are involved

A

Monocytes/ macrophages
Lymphocytes

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7
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function

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8
Q

Rubor

A

Redness

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9
Q

Tumor

A

Swelling

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10
Q

Calore

A

Heat

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11
Q

Dolore

A

Pain

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12
Q

Causes of inflammation

A

Infections
Tissue necrosis
Foreign bodies
Immune reactions
Physical agents
Chemicals

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13
Q

Three major components of acute inflammation

A

Vascular dilation and increase in blood flow
Increased vascular permeability
Leukocyte emigration and accumulation in the focus of injury

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14
Q

3 mechanisms in increased vascular permeability

A

Contraction of endothelial cells
Endothelial injury
Transcytosis

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15
Q

Reactions of blood vessels in acute inflammation

A

Exudation
Exudate—> high protein content
Transudate
Edema
Pus

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16
Q

Journey of leukocytes

A

Movement in the lumen of blood vessels
Migration across the endothelium —> Ig —> CD31
Migration in the tissues towards the chemotactic stimulus

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17
Q

Features of vasodilation

A

One of the earliest manifestations of acute inflammation
First and the immediate change in the vessels
Due to several mediators —> histamine
Begins in arterioles
Results in increased blood flow
Redness at the site of inflammation

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18
Q

Features of Contraction of endothelial cells in increased vascular permeability

A

Most common mechanism
Histmaine, Bradykinin, Leukotrienes, NO
Occurs immediately
Short lived
Immediate transient response

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19
Q

Which event occurs in the movement of leukocytes in the lumen of blood vessels

A

Margination
Rolling
Adhesion

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20
Q

Endothelial and leukokocyte adhesion molecules

A

Selectins
Integrins
Ig

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21
Q

Importance of endothelial and leukocyte adhesion molecules

A

leukocyte rolling
Adhesion
Migration
Stimulated by cytokines
Expressed on endo cells and leukocytes

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22
Q

Rolling is mediated by which endothelial and leukocyte adhesion molecule

A

Selectins

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23
Q

Adhesion is mediated by

A

Integrins

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24
Q

Integrins expressed on

A

Leukocytes

25
Q

Selectins types

A

L-selectin
E-selectin
P-Selectin

26
Q

Distribution of Selectins

A

Neutrophils,monocytes, T cells, B cells—> L-selectin
Endothelium activated by cytokines —> E-selectin, P-Selectin
Histamine,thrombin—> p-selectin

27
Q

Integrins molecules

A

LFA-1
MAC-1
VLA-4
A4b7

28
Q

Distribution of Integrin molecules

A

LFA-1—> neutrophils,monocytes, T cells
MAC-1—> Monocytes, DCs
VLA-4—> monocytes, T cells
A4b7—> T cells, monocytes

29
Q

Molecule of Ig

A

CD31

30
Q

Distribution of the Ig molecule ım which cells

A

Endothelial cells
Leukocytes

31
Q

Ligands of integrins

A

ICAM-1
VCAM-2

32
Q

Migration across the endothelium with which events

A

Transmigration
Diapedesis
Mediated by adhesion molecule —> CD31

33
Q

How does migration in the tissues towards the chemotatic stimulus happens

A

Chemotaxis —> locomotion along a chemical gradient

34
Q

Steps of Chemotaxis

A

Chemoattractants bind to specific receptors on leukocytes
Polymerization of actin and locazlization of myosin in leukocytes
Extend filopodia
Moves towards the direction of the source of chemoattractants

35
Q

Types of chemoattractants

A

Exo= bacterial products
Endo= Cytokines, C3a, C5a ,*Leukotriene B4

36
Q

Which molecules have a role in the Acute inflammation

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes

37
Q

Which events occur after recruitment of leukocytes activated to perform their antimicrobial effects

A

Recognition of the the injurious agent
Activation of leukocytes
Phagocytosis and intracellular killing

38
Q

Which receptors involved in Recognition of the injurious agent

A

Receptor of phagocytes —> TLR
G-protein coupled receptor
Receptors for opsonins
Receptors for cytokines

39
Q

Receptors for microbial products

A

Toll like receptors
Present on the cell surface and in endosomal vesicles of leukocytes
Recognize extracellular and ingested microbial products — Lipopolysaccharides

40
Q

G protein coupled receptor

A

Found on leukocytes
Recognise bacterial N-formylmethionyl
Binding to their ligand

41
Q

Opsonins

A

Protein that coat microbe
Target for phagocytosis
Ig ab, C3b breakdown product of complement, plasma lectins are the major opsonins

42
Q

Opsonins receptor

A

Fc receptor for ab
CR1 for complement
Mannose receptors for mannose residues

43
Q

Most important cytokine

A

Interferon gamma —> secreted by natural killer cells

44
Q

Steps of phagocytosis

A

Recognition
Engulfment
Digestion

45
Q

Two major phagocytes

A

Neutrophil
Monocytes and macrophages

46
Q

Antiinflammatory cytokines

A

Transforming Growth factor-beta
IL-10

47
Q

Mediators of inflammation

A

Cell derived mediators
Plasma protein derived mediators

48
Q

Cell derived mediators

A

Histamine
Serotonin
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Platelet activating factor
ROS
NO
Cytokines IL-1 and TNF
Chemokines

49
Q

Plasma protein derived mediators

A

Complement products —> C3a, C5a, C4a
Kinins

50
Q

Role of Histamine as a cell derived mediators of inflammation

A

Stored in mast cells in cytoplasmic granules
Secrete by degranulation
One of the first released mediators in inflammation
Vasodilation and increasing vascular permeability

51
Q

Vasodilation Eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandins PGI2, PGE1, PGE2, PGD2

52
Q

Vasoconstrictor Eicosanoids

A

Thromboxane A2
Leukotriene C4,D4,E4

53
Q

Eicosanoids that increases vascular permeability

A

Leukotrienes C4,D4,E4

54
Q

Eicosanoids that involved in chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion

A

Leukotrienes B4
HETE

55
Q

Types of NO

A

Endothelial eNOS
Neuronal nNOS
Inducible iNOS

56
Q

Cytokines that in acute inflammation

A

TNF
IL-6
IL-1
Chemokines

57
Q

Cytokines in chronic inflammation

A

IL-12
IFN-gamma
IL-17

58
Q

Functions of complement system in inflammation

A

C3a,C5a,C4a
-Stimulate histamine release
-Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
C5a
-chemotoxin

59
Q

Functions of complement system in phagocytosis

A

C3b
-function as an opsonin
-coat the microbes and prepare them to phagocytosis

Pathology (12 decks)

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