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Human Architecture > Basic Concepts of Anatomy > Flashcards

Basic Concepts of Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Horizontal plane (transverse or cross-section)

A

Plane parallel to the floor with the body in the anatomical position

Structures on the right side of the body will be on the left side of the sectional image

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2
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Perpendicular to the horizontal plane, to the left or the right

Mid-sagittal plane splits the body into equal right and left halves

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3
Q

Coronal plane

A

Right angles to the sagittal plane.

Exposes the body from right to left side of the body

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4
Q

Oblique plane

A

Any plane that’s not coronal, transverse, or sagittal

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5
Q

Medial/lateral

A

Relative to the mid-sagittal plane

Medial is towards the body, lateral is away from body

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6
Q

Superior/inferior

A

Position along the vertical axis

Superior: towards the head

Inferior: towards the feet/tail

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7
Q

Cranial/caudal

A

Same as superior/inferior

Used in embryology

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8
Q

Ventral/dorsal

A

Same as anterior/posterior

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9
Q

Anterior/posterior

A

Anterior: front of body
Posterior: back of the body

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10
Q

Proximal/distal

A

Relative to the origin of a structure

Proximal: closet
Distal: furtherest

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11
Q

Flexion

A

Decreasing the angle between two body parts.

Ex: bringing arm up towards upper body, bended st elbow

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12
Q

Extensión

A

Increasing the angle between two body parts or an angel at a joint

Ex: extending arms from up and bended at elbow, straight down towards anatomical position

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13
Q

Abduction

A

Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

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14
Q

Adduction

A

Moving body part towards the midline of the body or defined midline of an extremity

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15
Q

Rotation

A

Movement around an axis

Medial rotation is towards the body

Lateral rotation is away from body

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16
Q

Movements of trunk and head

A

Flexión: upper body bends anteriorly (like bending down to touch one’s toes)

Extension: bending the trunk backwards (like you’re about to do a backbend

Lateral flexion: bending trunk away from the midline of body (like you’re using your left hand to touch your left ankle while standing up straight)

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17
Q

Movements of pictorial girdle

A

scapula and clavicle always move in coordinated fashion

Retraction: moving medial border of scapula away from the vertebra (bringing bended elbow towards back

protraction: moving the medial border of the scapula away from the vertebra (extending arm arm outwards away from back, body)

Elevation: moving the superior border of the scapula superiorly (towards the head)

Depression: moving the superior border of the scapula inferiorly

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18
Q

Movements of the arm

A

Flexion-Extension

abduction-adduction

medial-lateral rotation

circumduction: imagine moving arm in big circle to the side of your body, doing abduction, flexion, extension, and adduction in one movement

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19
Q

Movements of the forearm

A

flexion-extension

pronation-supination: complex movement occurring at the elbow and at the distal end of the radius and ulna

Pronation: palm down
suprination: palm up ( think eating soup)

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20
Q

Movements of hand

A

Flexion- extension

abduction- adduction

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21
Q

Movements of the fingers

A

flexion-extension

abduction: spreading fingers apart
adduction: bringing the fingers together

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22
Q

Movements of thumb

A

extension-flexion

abduction: swinging thumb out of the plane of the palm
adduction: swinging thumb into the plane of the palm
opposition: swinging the thumb from anatomical position across the palm touching the palm of the fingers

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23
Q

Movements at the hip joint

A

ball and socket joint like shoulder so movements are similar, but more stable.

flexion: swings the thigh anteriorly
extension: swings the thigh posteriorly

abduction:swings the thigh laterally away from the body
(when foot is planted, abduction pulls the pelvic bone down on that side and up on the opposite side. Motion maintains a straight erect truck posture during gait or when balancing on one foot.)

adduction: returns thigh back into anatomical position

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24
Q

Movements of the hip joint

A

Rotation around the long axis of the femur

internal rotation = medial rotation

external rotation = lateral rotation

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25
Q

Movements at the knee

A

knee is a simple hinge joint

flexion: moves leg posteriorly in relation to the thigh
extension: moves the leg anteriorly

Medial and lateral rotation

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26
Q

Movement at the ankle

A

ankle is the hinge joint between the distal tibia and the talus.

plantarflexion: is true flexion, occurs when the ankle is pointed down from the anatomical position
dorsiflexion: is true extension, occurs when the foot is pointed up from the anatomical position

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27
Q

Movements within the foot

A

inversion: bottom of foot angles toward the midline of the body
eversion: bottom of the foot angles away from the body
supination: a combined plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction
pronation: a combined dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction

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28
Q

Movements of the toes

A

flexion (curing toes under) and extension

Abduction and adduction

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29
Q

The skeleton- Axial skeleton

A

vertebral column: the midline support of the body

thoracic cage: protection of the heart and lungs and forms a study chamber for respiration

skull: solid protection of the brain and sensory organs and moveable jaw for mastication and phonation

30
Q

The skeleton- appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral and pelvic girdles connecting the limbs to the axial skeleton

long bones of limbs for locomotion

31
Q

Bone structure

A

layers of typical bone (outer to inner):

1) periosteum: fibrous connective tissue covering that is highly innervated
2) compact bone: dense, strong outer layer
3) spongy bone: internal part with lots of spaces to lighten the bone
4) medullary (marrow) cavity: site of blood cell formation

composition:
60-70% mineral (calcium phosphate)
30-40% collagen, an elastic protein

32
Q

synovial joints

A

synovial joints: have a set of structural elements that allow smooth movement between the bones

4 structures:

1) articular cartilage
2) fibrous capsule
3) fluid-filled joint cavity
4) synovial membrane

solid joints: simple connective tissue that allow little movement

33
Q

fibrous capsule

A

fibrous capsule: completely envelopes the joint, is strengthened by thickenings called capsular ligaments. innervation of the capsule is important in controlling movement

34
Q

articular cartilage

A

cartilage placed on the end of the bones in moveable joints. ends of bones are capped with hyaline cartilage (makes up articular cartilage)

Articular cartilages are devoid of perichondrium and the outer layer is acellular

35
Q

Joint cavity

A

potential space enclosed by the articular capsule

cavity is filled with synovial fluid which lubricates the joint

provides microenvironment that supplies nutrients to the articular cartilage

36
Q

synovial membrane

A

membrane lines the fibrous capsule and is reflected over the bones and ligaments but not onto the articular cartilage.

secretes the synovial fluid that acts as a lubricant (think oil for door hinge)

37
Q

ligaments

A

bands of strong connective tissue, connecting bone to bone. limit joint movement and prevent dislocation

intrinsic: thickenings of the joint capsule
extrinsic: lie outside or inside the joint capsule

38
Q

meniscus, labrum, and articular disc

A

fibrocartilage additions that provide a modified bearing surface for the bones

39
Q

bursae and synovial sheaths

A

sacs of synovial membrane providing a lubicated surface between tenons, ligaments and bones

40
Q

hinge joints

A

flexion and extension ex: elbow, knee joints, fingers

41
Q

plane joint

A

two flat surfaces sliding against each other

ex: shoulder/clavicle

42
Q

saddle joint

A

movement in to plans. same kinds of movements of condyloid joints

43
Q

pivot joint

A

allows spinning around longitudinal axis. rotational movements

44
Q

ball and socket joint

A

rotation, flex, extend, abduct and adduct

45
Q

condyloid joint

A

allows movement in two planes. flex/extension, abduction and adduction

46
Q

Suture

A

(fibrous joint) only found in skull. connects different bones skull together.

47
Q

interosseous membrane

A

(fibrous joint) found in the forearm and in the leg.

membrane acts in force distribution between parallel long bones

48
Q

cartilagenous joints

A

primary cartilagenous joint: cartilage between the bones is simply a part of the cartilaginous bone model that does not ossify

secondary cartilagenous joint: skeletal elements are covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage with fibrocartilage between them

Degenerated hernia disk in vertebrae is an example of this joint

49
Q

muscle

A

skeletal muscle: striated muscle which moves bones and other structures. under voluntary control

smooth muscle: non striated mulled contracting the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs. under involuntary control by the autonomic nervous system

cardiac muscle: muscle of the heart, controlled by the autonomic nervous system

50
Q

muscle structure:

A

muscle fibers are grouped into fascicles, which are surrounded by a perimysium layer of connective tissue. whole muscle is wrapped in an epimysium layer

tendons: connect tp the periosteum or to deeper bone by specialized fibers. transfer muscle energy to the skeleton but also can act as energy storing springs

51
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spine cord; central processing unit

52
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

input/output connections from the CNS to the rest of the body

53
Q

how to tell difference in arteries and veins

A

arteries deal with high blood pressure - thick walled

veins deal with low pressure - thin walled but carry same volume as arteries. veins are numerous and and of larger diameter

venous valves assist one-way valves that allow blood flow toward the heart

54
Q

lymphatics

A

drain excess fluid from intercellular space

very important in spread of infection and cancer

55
Q

types of bones

A

Long bones: long shaft with articulations at each end
ex: humerus and femur

Irregular bones: complex shapes that do not fit another category
ex: vertebrae and some skull bones

flat bones: dominated by large thin flat areas
ex: skull bones, scapula, and ribs

short bones: small with irregular shape and articular surfaces
ex: carpals and tarsals

sesamoid bones: develop within tendons
ex: patella

56
Q

day 10-11

A
  • lacunae anastomose with maternal capillaries to form blood-filled sinusoids
  • extraembryonic reticulum forms between Heuser’s membrane and the cytotrophoblast (acellular ECM)
  • Heuser’s membrane becomes the primary yolk sac and the blastocoel changes its name to yolk sac cavity
57
Q

formation of the chorion

A
  • extraembryonic mesoderm is formed from the hypoblast layer and migrates to fill the extra embryonic reticulum
  • chorionic cavity develops in the extraembryonic mesoderm
  • fetal placenta forms from the chorion
  • yolk sac is now a two layered structure: extraembryonic mesoderm and the original lining cells of heuser’s membrane
58
Q

formation of the secondary yolk sac

A

-additional cells from the hypoblast migrate and dispose the primary yolk sac, forming the secondary (definitive) yolk sac (site of the initial hematopoiesis and primordial germ cell development

59
Q

gastrulation

A
  • bilaminar disk defines the dorsal and ventral sides of the embryo only.
  • create body consisting of a gastrointestinal tube surrounded by a body wall tube with a space between these two tubes
  • create body that has a distinct head and tail as well as front and back and left and right
60
Q

gastrulation

A

1) converts the bilaminar disk to a trilaminar disk with three distinct layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
2) establishes the crainocaudal - defines head and tail
3) establishes bilateral symmetry and a left-right directionality which shows up later as specific left-right asymmetries
4) builds populations of cells in specific locations so they can interact by induction

61
Q

formation of the promotive streak

A
  • epiblast form the primitive streak
  • parts of the primitive streak:
    1) primitive node
    2) primitive groove
    3) primitive pit

-formation of the primitive streak = establishment of dorsal-ventral, cranial-caudal, and right-left axes of the body

62
Q

mesenchyme

A
  • undifferentiated embryonic connective tissue
  • usually mesodermal cell but can also be ectomesenchyme
  • migrates before differentiating
  • epiblast transforms into mesenchyme
63
Q

mesenchyme

A

-undifferentiated embryonic connective tissue

-

64
Q

resulting cell types from gastrulation

A

epiblast leads to:

1) primordial germ cells -> yolk sac
2) hematopoietic stem cells -> yolk sac
3) extraembryonic mesoderm -> chorion, amnion, and yolk sac

65
Q

What comes from the germ layers?

A

ectoderm: nervous system and outer covering of the body
mesoderm: musculoskeletal, vascular, and some organ systems
endoderm: lining of gut tube and all derivatives

66
Q

paths of gastrulating cells

A

1) early streak stage: gut endoderm forms from the cranial end of the primitive streak. the earliest mesoderm, from the primitive node region forms the prechordal plate
2) mid streak stage: cardiogenic mesoderm migrates to the head. extraembryonic mesoderm exits the embryo proper
3) late streak stage: mesodermal fields for notochord, paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm and lateral plate are defined

67
Q

formation of the prechordal plate and notochord

A
  • mesoderm grows down and cranial from the primitive pit
  • prechordal plate is behind buccopharyngeal membrane and is very important in organizing head development
  • notochordal process develops behind the prechordal plate- this is a hollow tube, as the streak moves caudally, the notochord lengthens
68
Q

functions of the notochord

A
  • important inducer of the spinal cord, spinal nerve, and vertebral column
  • most notochord later regresses, but a part remains in the nucleus pulpous of the intervertebral disk
69
Q

fate of the laterally migrating mesoderm

A

paraxial mesoderm -> somites -> axial Skelton, musculature

intermediate mesoderm -> urinary and reproductive systems; adrenal gland

lateral plate mesoderm -> connective tissues; layers of gut wall and body cavity, limbs

70
Q

fate of ectoderm

A

1) surface ectoderm -> skin
placodal ectoderm is a specialized surface ectoderm -> cranial nerve sensory neurons, inner ear and lens

2) ectoderm over the prechordal plate and notochord thickens to become the neural plate -> neural tube -> CNS
3) the edge of the neural plate becomes the neural crest -> PNS

Human Architecture (17 decks)

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