Basic Concepts 1 Flashcards
What is kinematics?
Description of motion without regard for the forces producing the motion
What is kinesiology?
Study of human movement
What is kinetics?
Analysis of the forces that produce motion
What are the two types of motion?
Rotatory(angular)
Translatory
What are the two types of translatory motions?
Rectilinear-straight line
Curvilinear- curved line
What is osteokinematic?
Direction of motion
What are the six different types of osteokinematic motion?
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Internal rotation External rotation
What are the three directions of motion at the midline or spine?
Flexion/extension or forward/backward bending
Lateral flexion right or left
Rotation right or left
What plane and axis are flexion and extension?
Sagittal plane
Coronal/ML axis
What plane and axis are abduction and adduction?
Frontal plane
AP axis
What plane and axis are rotation movements?
Transverse/horizontal plane
Vertical axis
What is degrees of freedom?
Number of independent movements allowed at a joint.
How many DOF at the shoulder, wrist, and elbow?
Shoulder- 3
Wrist- 2
Elbow- 1
How is the magnitude of motion for osteokinematics measured for single series or maximum joint angle?
Degrees
How is the magnitude of motion for osteokinematics measured for angular velocity?
Degrees per second
What are musculoskeletal levers?
Parallel force systems
What is the axis in musculoskeletal levers?
Point where rotation occurs
What is the effort arm in musculoskeletal levers?
Distance between the axis and the point where the effort is applied or where the muscle attaches to the body
What is the resistance arm of a musculoskeletal lever?
Distance between the axis and the point where resistance is applied
What is a first class lever?
The axis always sits between the EA and RA
What are two examples of a first class lever?
See Saw
Skull on neck
What is a second class lever?
RA is closer to the axis than EA but on the same side
What are examples of a second class lever?
Wheelbarrow
Ankle plantarflexion with the met head as the COR
What is a third class lever?
EA is closer to the axis than RA but on the same side
What are examples of a third class lever?
Shovel
Biceps
What is mechanical advantage?
The efficacy of the lever system
M ad=EA/RA
What two levers have the best mechanical advantage?
First and second class levers
What is sacrificed in a third class lever?
Mechanical advantage
What is gained from a third class lever?
Maximum angular displacement
What are the two motor unit types?
Tonic muscles and phasic muscles
What muscles are tonic muscles?
Postural muscles
Stability muscles
Type I-small neuron
Slow oxidative
What muscles are phasic muscles?
Non-postural muscles
Mobility muscles
Type IIa and IIb
(Type IIa are fast oxidative glycoloytic-hybrid, type IIb are fast glycolytic-large neurons)
Fusiform and/or strap muscles are…
Parallel muscle fibers
Examples of parallel muscle fibers are…
Biceps brachi-fusiform
Sternocleidomastoid- strap
Pennate muscle fibers are…
Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate
Examples of pennate muscles are…
Unipennate-semitendinosus
Bipennate-gastrocnemius
Multipennate-deltoid
What are the two types of muscle tension?
Passive tension and active tension
What is passive tension?
Tension developed in the passive noncontractile components of the muscle
What is active tension?
Tension developed by the contractile elements of the muscle
What is active insufficiency?
Inability of a multi-joint muscle to attain further contraction due to being maximally shortened across a joint
What is passive insufficiency?
Elongation of a multi-joint across all joints until no more motion can occur
What is tenodesis?
The use of passive insufficiency across one joint to create movement across another
What is concentric muscle activation?
Activated muscle that shortens as it produces a pulling force
What is eccentric muscle activation?
Activated muscle that lengthens as it produces a pulling force while being elongated by a more dominant force
What is isometric muscle activation?
Activated muscle does not change length as it produces a pulling force
What is isometric muscle action?
Muscle maintains a constant length as it produces a pulling force
What is a isotonic muscle action?
Resistance force or load remains constant as the muscle produces a pulling force
What is a isokinetic muscle action?
Angular velocity remains constant as the muscle produces a pulling force
What are the seven classifications of muscles?
Prime movers (agonists) Antagonists Synergists Co-contraction Flexors/extensors Abductors/adductors Rotators
