Basic Concept 2

Question 0

What are the two basic structure and function joints?

Answer 0

Synarthrodial and diarthrodial

Question 1

What is arthrokinematics?

Answer 1

The motion that occurs between the articular surfaces of a joint.

Question 2

What is synarthrodial?

Answer 2

Connective tissue holding bony components together.

Question 3

What are the two types of synarthrodial joints?

Answer 3

Fibrous and cartilaginous

Question 4

What are the two types of fibrous joints?

Answer 4

Sutures-skulls

Syndesmoses-tibia/tibia

Question 5

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 5

Symphyses-symphysis pubis

Synchondroses-first chondrosternal joint

Question 6

What are diarthrodial joints?

Answer 6

Synovial joints that always contain a synovial membrane, fluid, articular cartilage and joint capsule.

Question 7

What are the three different types of diarthrodial joints?

Answer 7

Uniaxial joints
Biaxial joints
Triaxial joints

Question 8

What are the two types of uniaxial joint types?

Answer 8

Hinge joint-elbow

Pivot joint-proximal radioulnar

Question 9

What are the three biaxial type joints?

Answer 9

Condyloid-metacarpophalangeal
Saddle-thumb carpometacarpal
Ellipsoid-radiocarpal

Question 10

What are the two triaxial type joints?

Answer 10

Plane-carpometacarpal

Ball-and-socket-hip and shoulder joint

Question 11

What are the two articular joint surface shapes?

Answer 11

Ovoid
Saddle(sellar)

Question 12

What is a ovoid articular joint shape?

Answer 12

One surface is convex and the other concave

Question 13

What is a saddle articular joint shape?

Answer 13

Each surface has one convex and concave surface

Question 14

What are the three different types of joint motion?

Answer 14

Roll
Slide/glide
Spin

Question 15

What are the three principles of movement?

Answer 15

For a concave-on-convex surface movement, the concave member slides in the same direction as the movement

For a convex-on-concave surface movement, the convex member slides in the opposite direction as the movement

Rolling is always in the same direction of the bone movement

Question 16

What is the instantaneous axis of rotation?

Answer 16

The axis of rotation at any particular point in the motion

Question 17

Joint motion occurs as a result of what?

Answer 17

A combination of rolling and gliding

Question 18

What is joint play?

Answer 18

Joint laxity that allows normal sliding, spinning, and rolling to take place. Typically not under voluntary control.

Question 19

Joint play is considered what type of motion?

Answer 19

Accessory motion

Question 20

If there is not enough joint play it results in what?

Answer 20

Loss of ROM

Question 21

If there is too much joint play it results in what?

Answer 21

Loss of stability

Question 22

What is hypermobility?

Answer 22

Excess motion in a joint due to failure of the bony or soft tissue structures to prevent the motion

Question 23

What is hypomobility?

Answer 23

Loss of motion in a joint due to inability of the soft tissue to elongate or the presence of a bony block

Question 24

What do the numbers mean on a joint mobility assessment scale?

Answer 24

``` 0-no motion 1-hypomobility 2-slight to moderate hypomobility 3-normal 4-slight hypermobility 5-severe hypermobility 6-instability ```

Question 25

What are the two types of joint positions?

Answer 25

Close-packed | Open-packed

Question 26

What is closed-packed joint position?

Answer 26

Joint surfaces are maximally congruent and ligament and capsule are maximally taut Very stable and powerful

Question 27

What is open-packed joint position?

Answer 27

Any position other than closed-packed The position where joint structures are most lax and joint cavity has the greatest volume. Swelling

Question 28

What angle is the most open-packed position?

Answer 28

30 degrees to allow for the most swelling.

Question 29

What is open chain?

Answer 29

The ends of the limbs are free to move | Distal mobility on proximal stability

Question 30

What is closed chain?

Answer 30

The ends of the limbs are fixed with movement higher up the chain. Distal stability on proximal mobility

Question 31

What are the two types of kinetic forces?

Answer 31

External | Internal

Question 32

What are external forces?

Answer 32

Gravity Wind Water Resistive devices

Question 33

What are internal forces?

Answer 33

Pull of muscles Pull of ligaments Compression of bones

Question 34

What is the forces of gravity?

Answer 34

Attraction of the mass of the earth for the mass of the object. Earth's gravity has a magnitude of 32 ft/sec2 or 9.8 m/sec2 Weight=mass X 32 ft/sec2

Question 35

What is the center of gravity?

Answer 35

The hypothetical point at which all mass would appear to be concentrated and is the point at which the force of gravity would appear to act

Question 36

What is another name for center of gravity?

Answer 36

Center of mass

Question 37

What is the line of gravity?

Answer 37

Line of the pull of gravity on an object | Can be visualized as a plumbline extending from the COG to the ground

Question 38

What is Anatomical COG?

Answer 38

Anterior to the second sacral vertebra | Changes position as the body segments are rearranged

Question 39

What is segmental center of gravity?

Answer 39

Each segment of the body has its own center of gravity. When the segment moves, it may change the COG of the whole complex.

Question 40

What is stability and center of gravity?

Answer 40

For an object to remain stable, the COG must fall within the base of support (BOS).

Question 41

How do you improve stability?

Answer 41

Lower COG And increase base of support

Question 42

What causes the relocation of COG?

Answer 42

Pregnancy Carrying weight Application of orthotic or prosthetic Change of BOS

Question 43

What is the action line?

Answer 43

The direction of the muscle pull

Question 44

What is the lever arm?

Answer 44

The bone upon which the muscle acts

Question 45

What is the angle of application?

Answer 45

The angle between the action line and the lever arm

Question 46

What is torque?

Answer 46

The ability of a muscle to move a joint is measured by torque. Torque(T)=force X moment arm (MA)

Question 47

What is force?

Answer 47

The amount of pull the muscle can create

Question 48

What is the moment arm?

Answer 48

The distance between the action line and the joint axis.

Question 49

When is the muscle most efficient?

Answer 49

When it can produce the most torque; which is the point where the moment arm is greatest.

Question 50

What act as anatomic pulleys?

Answer 50

Anatomic ridges Tubercles Sesamoids

Question 51

What are the advantages of anatomic pulleys?

Answer 51

Changes the direction of the pull of the muscle | Deflects the action line away from the joint axis increasing the MA and torque