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Kinesiology > Basic Concept 2 > Flashcards

Basic Concept 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the two basic structure and function joints?

A

Synarthrodial and diarthrodial

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1
Q

What is arthrokinematics?

A

The motion that occurs between the articular surfaces of a joint.

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2
Q

What is synarthrodial?

A

Connective tissue holding bony components together.

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3
Q

What are the two types of synarthrodial joints?

A

Fibrous and cartilaginous

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4
Q

What are the two types of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures-skulls

Syndesmoses-tibia/tibia

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5
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Symphyses-symphysis pubis

Synchondroses-first chondrosternal joint

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6
Q

What are diarthrodial joints?

A

Synovial joints that always contain a synovial membrane, fluid, articular cartilage and joint capsule.

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7
Q

What are the three different types of diarthrodial joints?

A

Uniaxial joints
Biaxial joints
Triaxial joints

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8
Q

What are the two types of uniaxial joint types?

A

Hinge joint-elbow

Pivot joint-proximal radioulnar

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9
Q

What are the three biaxial type joints?

A

Condyloid-metacarpophalangeal
Saddle-thumb carpometacarpal
Ellipsoid-radiocarpal

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10
Q

What are the two triaxial type joints?

A

Plane-carpometacarpal

Ball-and-socket-hip and shoulder joint

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11
Q

What are the two articular joint surface shapes?

A 
Ovoid
Saddle(sellar)
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12
Q

What is a ovoid articular joint shape?

A

One surface is convex and the other concave

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13
Q

What is a saddle articular joint shape?

A

Each surface has one convex and concave surface

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14
Q

What are the three different types of joint motion?

A

Roll
Slide/glide
Spin

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15
Q

What are the three principles of movement?

A

For a concave-on-convex surface movement, the concave member slides in the same direction as the movement

For a convex-on-concave surface movement, the convex member slides in the opposite direction as the movement

Rolling is always in the same direction of the bone movement

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16
Q

What is the instantaneous axis of rotation?

A

The axis of rotation at any particular point in the motion

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17
Q

Joint motion occurs as a result of what?

A

A combination of rolling and gliding

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18
Q

What is joint play?

A

Joint laxity that allows normal sliding, spinning, and rolling to take place. Typically not under voluntary control.

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19
Q

Joint play is considered what type of motion?

A

Accessory motion

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20
Q

If there is not enough joint play it results in what?

A

Loss of ROM

21
Q

If there is too much joint play it results in what?

A

Loss of stability

22
Q

What is hypermobility?

A

Excess motion in a joint due to failure of the bony or soft tissue structures to prevent the motion

23
Q

What is hypomobility?

A

Loss of motion in a joint due to inability of the soft tissue to elongate or the presence of a bony block

24
Q

What do the numbers mean on a joint mobility assessment scale?

A 
0-no motion
1-hypomobility
2-slight to moderate hypomobility
3-normal
4-slight hypermobility
5-severe hypermobility 
6-instability
25
Q

What are the two types of joint positions?

A

Close-packed

Open-packed

26
Q

What is closed-packed joint position?

A

Joint surfaces are maximally congruent and ligament and capsule are maximally taut

Very stable and powerful

27
Q

What is open-packed joint position?

A

Any position other than closed-packed
The position where joint structures are most lax and joint cavity has the greatest volume.

Swelling

28
Q

What angle is the most open-packed position?

A

30 degrees to allow for the most swelling.

29
Q

What is open chain?

A

The ends of the limbs are free to move

Distal mobility on proximal stability

30
Q

What is closed chain?

A

The ends of the limbs are fixed with movement higher up the chain.
Distal stability on proximal mobility

31
Q

What are the two types of kinetic forces?

A

External

Internal

32
Q

What are external forces?

A

Gravity
Wind
Water
Resistive devices

33
Q

What are internal forces?

A

Pull of muscles
Pull of ligaments
Compression of bones

34
Q

What is the forces of gravity?

A

Attraction of the mass of the earth for the mass of the object.
Earth’s gravity has a magnitude of 32 ft/sec2 or 9.8 m/sec2
Weight=mass X 32 ft/sec2

35
Q

What is the center of gravity?

A

The hypothetical point at which all mass would appear to be concentrated and is the point at which the force of gravity would appear to act

36
Q

What is another name for center of gravity?

A

Center of mass

37
Q

What is the line of gravity?

A

Line of the pull of gravity on an object

Can be visualized as a plumbline extending from the COG to the ground

38
Q

What is Anatomical COG?

A

Anterior to the second sacral vertebra

Changes position as the body segments are rearranged

39
Q

What is segmental center of gravity?

A

Each segment of the body has its own center of gravity. When the segment moves, it may change the COG of the whole complex.

40
Q

What is stability and center of gravity?

A

For an object to remain stable, the COG must fall within the base of support (BOS).

41
Q

How do you improve stability?

A

Lower COG
And
increase base of support

42
Q

What causes the relocation of COG?

A

Pregnancy
Carrying weight
Application of orthotic or prosthetic
Change of BOS

43
Q

What is the action line?

A

The direction of the muscle pull

44
Q

What is the lever arm?

A

The bone upon which the muscle acts

45
Q

What is the angle of application?

A

The angle between the action line and the lever arm

46
Q

What is torque?

A

The ability of a muscle to move a joint is measured by torque.
Torque(T)=force X moment arm (MA)

47
Q

What is force?

A

The amount of pull the muscle can create

48
Q

What is the moment arm?

A

The distance between the action line and the joint axis.

49
Q

When is the muscle most efficient?

A

When it can produce the most torque; which is the point where the moment arm is greatest.

50
Q

What act as anatomic pulleys?

A

Anatomic ridges
Tubercles
Sesamoids

51
Q

What are the advantages of anatomic pulleys?

A

Changes the direction of the pull of the muscle

Deflects the action line away from the joint axis increasing the MA and torque

Kinesiology (7 decks)

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