Basic Body Positions and Related Anatomy Flashcards
-used in two ways in radiology , first as general body positions, and second as specific body positions
Position
-used to describe the manner in which the patient is places
General Body Positions
-Lying on back, facing upward
Supine or Dorsal Recumbent Position
-lying on abdomen, facing downward (head may be turned to one side)
Prone (Ventral Recumbent Position)
- an upright position, to stand or sit erect
Erect
- marked by a vertical position
Erect
- Lying down in any position (prone, supine, or on side)
Recumbent
lying face down (prone)
Ventral Recumbent
lying on back (supine)
Dorsal Recumbent
lying on side (right or left lateral)
Lateral Recumbent
- a recumbent position with the body tilted with the head lower than the feet or the feet higher than the head
Trendelenburg Position
- supine position with head tilted downward
Trendelenburg Position
- the modified version of the Trendelenburg position
Reverse Trendelenburg
- The head will be positioned up and the feet will be positioned down
Reverse Trendelenburg
- also known as the sitting position
Fowler’s Position
- mostly used for neurosurgery and shoulder surgeries
Fowler’s Position
- the patient’s head is placed at a 45-degree angle, and the hip may or may not be flexed
Fowler’s Position
- a recumbent oblique position with the patient lying on the left anterior side, with the right knee and thigh flexed and the left arm extended down behind the back.
Sim’s Position (Semiprone position)
- a recumbent (supine) position with knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports.
Lithotomy Position
- used in radiography, to refer to a specific body position described by the body part closest to the IR (oblique and lateral) or by the surface on which the patient is lying (decubitus)
Specific Body Positions
- specific placement of the body part in relation to the radiographic table or IR during imaging
Specific Body Positions
- Refers to the side of, or a side view
Lateral Position
- Specific lateral positions described by the part closest to the IR or the body part from which the CR exits
Lateral Position
- the right side of the body closest to the IR in the erect/
recumbent position
Right Lateral Position
- the left side of the body closest to the IR in the erect/
recumbent position
Left Lateral Position
- an angled position in which neither the sagittal nor the coronal body plane is perpendicular or at a right angle to the IR
Oblique Position
- described by the part closest to the IR or the body part from which the CR exits
Oblique Position
-Patient is lying semi-supine on the radiographic table or standing on a vertical grid device with the right posterior aspect of the body closest to the film
Right Posterior Oblique (RPO)
-MSP at some angle between zero and 90 degrees to the cassette
Right Posterior Oblique (RPO)
-Patient is lying semi-supine on the radiographic table or standing on a vertical grid device with the left posterior aspect of the body closest to the film
-MSP at some angle between zero and 90 degrees to the cassette
Left Posterior Oblique (LPO)
- Patient is lying semi prone on the radiographic table or standing facing a vertical grid device with the right side closer to the film
- MSP at some angle between zero and 90 degrees to the cassette
Right Anterior Oblique (RAO/Semi-prone)
- Patient is lying semi prone on the radiographic table or standing facing the vertical grid device with the left side closer to the film
- MSP at some angle between zero and 90 degrees to the cassette
Left Anterior Oblique (LAO/semi prone)
- means to lie on a horizontal surface designated according to the surface on which the body is resting
- describes a patient who is lying on one of the following body surfaces: back (dorsal), front (ventral), or side (right or left lateral)
- always performed with the central ray horizontal
Decubitus (Decub) Position
- the patient lies on the side, and the x-ray beam is directed horizontally from anterior to posterior (AP) or from posterior to anterior (PA)
Right or Left lateral Decubitus Position (AP/PA Projection)
- The patient is lying on the left side facing the x-ray tube
- The CR enters the anterior side and exits the posterior side
Left Lateral Decubitus Position - AP Projection
- The patient is lying on the left side facing the image receptor
- The CR enters the posterior side and exits the anterior side
Left Lateral Decubitus Position - PA Projection
- The patient is lying on the right side facing the image receptor
- The CR enters the posterior side and exits the anterior side
Right Lateral Decubitus Position -PA Projection
- The patient is lying on the right side facing the x-ray tube
- The CR enters the anterior side and exits the posterior side
Right Lateral Decubitus Position - AP Projection
- the patient is lying on the dorsal (posterior) surface with the x-ray beam directed horizontally , exiting from the side closest to the IR
Dorsal Decubitus Postion - Left or Right Lateral
- the patient is lying on the dorsal surface
- the x-ray beam is directed horizontally, exiting from the left lateral side closest to the IR.
Dorsal decubitus Left Lateral or Left Lateral Dorsal Decubitus
- the patient is lying on the ventral (anterior) surface with the x-ray beam directed horizontally, exiting from the side closest to the IR.
Ventral Decubitus Position – Right or Left Lateral
- lying on the ventral (anterior) surface
- CR directed horizontally, exiting from the left lateral side closest to the IR.
Ventral Decubitus Left Lateral or Left Lateral Ventral Decubitus
- lying on the ventral (anterior) surface
- CR directed horizontally, exiting from the right lateral side closest to the IR.
Ventral Decubitus Right Lateral or Right Lateral Ventral Decubitus
- a positioning term that describes the direction or path of the CR of the x-ray beam as it passes through the patient, projecting an image onto the IR
Projection
-refers to a projection of the CR from posterior to anterior
-the CR enters at the posterior surface and exits at the anterior surface
Posteroanterior (PA) Projection
-refers to a projection of the CR from anterior to posterior
-the CR enters at the anterior surface and exits at the posterior surface
Anteroposterios (AP) Projection
- those in which the sagittal plane of the body or body part is parallel to the IR
- always named for the side of the patient that is nearest the IR
-l ateral projections of the extremities are further described with the lateral or medial entrance and exit of the CR: mediolateral or lateromedial
Lateral Projection
- Patient is lying semi-supine on the radiographic table or standing on a vertical grid device with the right (RAPO) or left (LAPO) side closer to the film
- MSP at some angle between zero and 90 degrees to the cassette
- the CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior surface of the body or body part
AP Oblique Projection
- Patient is lying semi prone on the radiographic table or standing facing a vertical grid device with the right (RPAO) or left (LPAO) side closer to the film
- MSP at some angle between zero and 90 degrees to the cassette
- the CR enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior surface of the body or body part
PA Oblique Projection
- In front of (toward the front of the body or structure within it)
-Sometimes referred as ventral
Anterior
- In back of (toward the back of the body or a structure within it)
- Sometimes referred to as dorsal
Posterior
-Toward the midline of the body.
Medial
- Away from the midline of the body (to the side)
Lateral
- Closer to the point of attachment or origin;
in the extremities, closest to the trunk
Proximal
- Farther from the point of attachment or
origin; in the extremities, farthest from the trunk
Distal
- Toward the head or the upper part of a structure
Cephalad, Cephalic, Superior
-Away from the head or the lower part of a structure
Caudad, Caudal, Inferior
-Position of the body when the subject is facing the front in the erect position with the arms and legs fully extended. The palms of the hands are facing forward and the feet are together
Anatomic Position
-the upper transverse plane
-midway between the suprasternal notch and the symphysis
pubis
Transpyloric Plane
- the lower transverse plane
- at the level of the tubercles of the iliac crest anteriorly and near the upper border of the fifth lumbar vertebra posteriorly
Transtubercular plane
-at right-angles to the two transverse planes
-run vertically, passing through a point midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the symphysis pubis on each side
-also known as the left and right midclavicular lines
-run from the midpoint in the clavicle caudally towards the midpoint of the inguinal ligament.
Parasagittal Planes
DIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN INTO NINE REGIONS
This region contains the following:
* most of the right lobe of liver
* hepatic flexure of the colon
* part of the renal body
Right Hypochondriac Region
DIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN INTO NINE REGIONS
* most of the left lobe of the liver and the remainder right lobe of the liver
* gall bladder
* most of the stomach, duodenum, pancreas
* part of the spleen
Epigastrium Region
DIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN INTO NINE REGIONS
◦ greater curvature of the stomach
◦ remainder of the spleen
◦ tail of the pancreas
◦ splenic flexure of the colon
◦ part of the left renal body
Left Hypochondriac Region
DIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN INTO NINE REGIONS
◦ ascending colon
◦ most of the right renal body
Right lumbar/Lateral Region
DIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN INTO NINE REGIONS
* most of the transverse colon
* part of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
* parts of the renal pelvis
* most of the ureters
Umbilical Region
DIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN INTO NINE REGIONS
* descending colon
* part of jejunum
* most of the left renal body
Left lumbar/Lateral region
DIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN INTO NINE REGIONS
* cecum
* appendix
* terminal end of the ileum
* ileocecal valve
Right Iliac/Inguinal Region
DIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN INTO NINE REGIONS
* ileum
* flexure of sigmoid colon
* rectum
* uterus, ovaries, vagina and fallopian tubes (female)
* urinary bladder
* seminal vesicle, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland or Cowper’s gland
Hypogastric/pubic region
DIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN INTO NINE REGIONS
* sigmoid colon
* jejunum
* ileum
Left iliac/inguinal region
ABDOMINAL QUADRANTS
- Right lobe of liver
- gallbladder
- right kidney
- portions of stomach
-small and large intestine
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
ABDOMINAL QUADRANTS
- Left lobe of liver
- Stomach
- Pancreas
- Left Kidney
- Spleen
- Poritons of large Intestine
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
ABDOMINAL QUADRANTS
- Cecum
- Appendix
- portions of small intestine
- reproductive organs (right ovary in female, right spermatic cord in male)
- right ureter
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
ABDOMINAL QUADRANTS
Most small intestine portions of large intestine, left ureter and reproductive organs (left ovary in female. left spermatic cord in male)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
- determines the relative size, shape, position, muscular tone and mobility of all organs. The two organs most dramatically affected by body habitus are the stomach and gallbladder.
Body Habitus
- comprises 5% of the majority
- the body is massive built with a broad chest
- the thorax cavity is short resulting in the ribs being almost horizontal
- the lungs are short at the apices and broad at the base
- high diaphragm and low abdominal cavity
- stomach is high and almost horizontal
- gallbladder high and lateral
HYPERSTHENIC (massive)
- comprise 50% of the majority
- the stomach lies on the normal position and the gallbladder under the 11th rib
-i t is almost similar to hypersthenic
STHENIC (average)
- comprise 35% of the majority.
- this is the modification of the asthenic type but leans forward than the sthenic
- the stomach is elongated, J shape and extends to the iliac crest or below
- the gallbladder is lower and more toward the midline compared to the sthenic type build.
- the large bowel is located lower than in the average habitus, but the splenic flexure may still be found high in the upper left quadrant
HYPOSTENIC (slender)
- the opposite extreme is the extremely slender build or asthenic type
- the chest cavity narrow, shallow and quite long, so that the diaphragm lies very low
- the heart is long and slender
- the large bowel folds on itself, and is found very low and toward the midline
- the gallbladder and stomach are both low, vertical and near the midline
- the abdominal cavity is shallow, with its greatest capacity in the pelvic region
ASTHENIC (very slender)
SEVEN LANDMARKS OF THE ABDOMEN
-the most inferior process of the sternum
Xiphoid process (level of T9-T10)
SEVEN LANDMARKS OF THE ABDOMEN
- used to locate upper abdominal organs, such as the gallbladder and stomach
Inferior costal (Rib) margin (level of L2-L3)
SEVEN LANDMARKS OF THE ABDOMEN
- the most commonly used abdominal landmark and corresponds approximately to the level of the mid-abdominopelvic region , which is also at or just slightly below the level of the umbilicus on most people
Iliac crest (level of L4-L5 vertebral interspace)
SEVEN LANDMARKS OF THE ABDOMEN
-can be found by locating the iliac crest, then palpating anteriorly and inferiorly until a prominent projection or “bump” is felt (more prominent on females)
Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
SEVEN LANDMARKS OF THE ABDOMEN
-the prominence of the greater trochanter is at about the same level as the superior border of the symphysis
Greater Trochanter
SEVEN LANDMARKS OF THE ABDOMEN
- the anterior junction (joint) of the two pelvic bones
-corresponds to the inferior margin of the abdomen
-palpation of this area may be embarrassing to some patients and palpating the greater trochanter may be a better option
Symphysis pubis
SEVEN LANDMARKS OF THE ABDOMEN
-can be used to determine the lower margin on a PA abdomen with the patient in a prone position
-two bony prominences, which can be palpated most easily on thin patients, bear most of the weight of the trunk
when one is seated
-the lower margins of the ischial tuberosities are about 1 to 4 cm below or distal to the symphysis pubis
-may be used for positioning a PA projection of the colon when the rectal area is to be included on the IR
Ischial Tuberosity
KINDS OF RESPIRATION TECHNIQUE
- taking in of air and holding it, then exposure is taken
Suspended Inhalation
KINDS OF RESPIRATION TECHNIQUE
- blowing out of air and then exposure is taken
Suspended Exhalation
KINDS OF RESPIRATION TECHNIQUE
- the patient is asked to take a deep breath and while holding the breath in, to bear down as though trying to move the bowels. This maneuver forces air against the closed glottis
Valsalva Maneuver
KINDS OF RESPIRATION TECHNIQUE
- accomplished as the patient pinches off the nose, closes the mouth and tries to blow the nose. The cheeks should expand outward as though the patient were blowing up a balloon.
Modified Valsalva Maneuver
KINDS OF RESPIRATION TECHNIQUE
- the patient exhales and then tries to inhale against a closed glottis
Mueller Maneuver
