Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kinesiology/Biomechanics > Basic Biomechanical Definitions > Flashcards

Basic Biomechanical Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

inertia

A

characteristic of a body/object that reflects the body’s propensity to resist changes in its state of motion.
It’s proportional to the body’s mass (when at rest) and momentum (when moving).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Force

A

mass X acceleration

May be described as a PUSH or PULL that speeds up, slows down, changes the direction of, or deforms an object.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

weight

A

when objects acceleration is due to gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

work

A

a force applied over a distance

force X distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

energy

A

the capacity to work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Power

A

work/time OR energy/time OR force X velocity
Rate of work production
sometimes described as explosive strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Velocity/speed

A

distance covered in a given time
velocity also provides info about direction whereas speed doesn’t.
DISTANCE and TIME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

acceleration

A

change in velocity in a given time.

It is always reported with the time in the denominator squared.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pressure

A

force/area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

stress & strain

A

Stress is a special type of pressure, thus force/area.
Stress is the stimulus applied to a material such as bone or ligament.
Strain is the response of the material to the stress or pressure…measure of deformation.
Strain - deformation/original shape OR
change in length/original length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Muscular strength

A

maximum work one can accomplish in one attempt…at a given velocity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Muscular power

A

Strength (work) divided by time

S/T=P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Muscular endurance

A

Maximum work one can perform repeatedly.

Usually refers to work that is dependent upon anaerobic pathways for energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Rotary/angular movement

A

Circular movement that results from a force being exerted on a rigid link at some distance from an axis of rotation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Angular displacement

A

a change in rotational position; most often measured in degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Angular velocity

A

angular displacement achieved in a given time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Angular acceleration

A

change of angular velocity in a given time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Torque/movement

A

Force X Lever arm.

Torque is the rotary effect of a force.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lever arm/moment arm/torque arm/force arm/resistance arm

A

the perpendicular distance from the line of force to the axis of rotation - also the shortest distance if you think about it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lever 1

A

simple machine which consists of a RIGID BAR (bone) & a FULCRUM (axis of rotation or joint).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lever 2

A

Muscular force (may also be gravitational) is exerted on the bone at some distance from the joint. In this situation we will have rotational movement, and torque is produced. Extremely common in human body. When performing an arm curl, we must ask as to the torque produced about the elbow and not force.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Impulse

A

force X time

changes in impulse are always proportional to changes in momentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Momentum

A

mass X velocity

Linear movement

24
Q

What creates more impulse…follow through or the start of the throwing motion and why is this important to know?

A

Follow through creates more impulse. Good technique for strength in rehab

25
Q

angular momentum

A

moment of inertia X angular velocity
Moment of inertia is a reflection of how the mass is distributed about the axis of rotation - if mass is farther away from axis of rotation, moment of inertia is greater. If mass is tightly packed around axis of rotation, moment of inertia is small.
Common in gymnastics, diving, figure skating

26
Q

Propulsive Force

Example: baseball catcher

A

move hand towards ball

27
Q

Absorbed Force

Example: baseball catcher

A

move and away from ball

28
Q

I=FxT

A

Impulse

29
Q

Mechanical Advantage

A

ratio of effort arm to resistance arm.

EA/RA Less than 1 reflects relative disadvantage.

30
Q

Effort arm is often called the…

A

Force arm

31
Q

Rotational work

A

torque X angular displacement

T x AD

32
Q

Rotational power

A

torque X angular displacement/time
also torque X angular velocity
T x AD or T x AV

33
Q

Strength to mass ratio

A

strength divided by mass - S/M
remember: F=M x A, this means A=F/M. As athlete acquires more muscle mass, athlete can produce more greater force, however this is not perfect. Increase in force that accompany increases in mass are generally less than the increases in mass. Thus, athlete is stronger but slower.

34
Q

Agonist

A

That which causes motion.
May be muscle, gravity, or some outside influence such as wind.
When the primary mover is not muscle, then the agonist should be viewed as a mechanical agonist

35
Q

Antagonist

A

that which opposes/resists motion
May be muscle, gravity, or outside influence such as water.
When the primary resistance is not muscle, then the antagonist should be viewed as a mechanical antagonist

36
Q

mechanical agonist

A

primary mover is not muscle, like wind

37
Q

mechanical antagonist

A

primary resistance is not muscle, like water

38
Q

that which causes motion, may be muscle, gravity, outside forces like wind

A

agonist

39
Q

that which opposes/resists motion, may be a muscle or gravity or some outside influence like water

A

antagonist

40
Q

Synergists

A

when muscles cooperate to produce motion which neither could create by itself.

41
Q

What are the subcategories of synergists?

A

Assistors, Stabilizers, Neutralizers

42
Q

assistors

A

muscles which work in concert with primary agonist (primary mover) to produce the desired movement; secondary and tertiary agonists

43
Q

stabilizers

A

muscles act to stabilize a body part so that a desired motion can be produced.

44
Q

Give example of a stabilizing exercise

A 
1.seated rows
erector spinae stabilize back
trapezius & rhomboids stabilize the scapulae
2.push ups
abdominal stabilize torso
45
Q

neutralizers

A

special stabilizers - muscles counteracts the undesired effect of a biarticular muscle.

46
Q

Give example of a neutralizing stabilizing exercise

A

ascending in squat
rectus femoris, biarticular muscle, causes both extension at knee and flexion of hip.
extension of knee desirable, but flexion of hip not desirable. The gluteal group acts to cancel flexion

47
Q

Projectile

A

an object/body that has been propelled into the air and then allowed to free fall. Once airborne only air resistance and gravity will affect its flight.

48
Q

What is the horizontal displacement of a projectile called?

A

Range

49
Q

What are 3 factors that influence range?

A

1) velocity of projectile at its release point
2) angle of release
3)relative projection height (comparison of height of release and height of landing point)
the projecting of objects is almost always initiated by a ballistic type of force.

50
Q

Tangential Velocity Formula

Often, we with t relate the rotational velocity of an object to its ultimate linear velocity.

A

The tangential velocity of an object is calculated by multiplying its angular velocity by the radius of the circle in which it is rotating
AV x R= tangential velocity

51
Q

Vector

A

a quantity that reflects both magnitude and direction.

Vector => velocity and weight

52
Q

Scalar

A

quantity only reflects magnitude.

Scalar => speed and mass

53
Q

Vector Resolution

A

single vector being broken down (resolved) into its vertical and horizontal components
I_ graph

54
Q

Resultant vector

A

name/result of vector when combining two or more vectors

55
Q

Vector Composition

A

act of combining two or more vectors

56
Q

Vector Analysis

A

term used to describe the vector resolution and vector composition

57
Q

Vectors are often represented as _____ with the length of the arrow representing the _____ and the arrowhead indicating the _____. If the arrow represents force, then the force is applied at the _____. Vectors have both a _____ and _____ components.

A 
arrows
magnitude
direction
tail
vertical 
horizontal

Kinesiology/Biomechanics (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions