Basic Anatomical Review Flashcards
Functions of the skeleton
Support, protection, locomotion, mineral depository, blood formation
Axial Skeleton
cranium, vertebral column, ribs, sternum
Name the different regions of the vertebral column and how many bones are in each region
Cervical 7, thoracic 12, lumbar 5, sacral 5 fused, coccygeal 4 fussed
C1 and C2 are called?
C1 = Atlas C2 = Axis
Name the three parts of the sternum
manubrium, gladiolus, xiphoid process
Types of bones
long, flat, short, irregular, sesamoids
Functions of joints
growth
movement
dissipate forces
noby ends of bones, more spongy (shock absorption)
epiphysis
shaft, hard
Diaphysis
little bones
carpals and tarsals
Name carpals and how many?
Hamate capatate trapazoid trapizum
pisiform triqutrum lunate scaphoid, 8
Name tarsals and how many foot bones?
Calcaneous, talus, navicular, cuboid, all cuneiforms, 7
appendicular skeleton
scapulae, clavicles, upper extremity=humerus, radius, ulna, carpals(8), metacarpals, phalanges
Pelvis=ilium, ischium, pubis
Lower extremity=femur, patella, tibia, tarsals (7), metatarsals, phalanges
Let us remember that joints are actually ______ of _________.
axes of rotation
Bones, especially long bones or stabilized bony segments represent _______ _______.
rigid bars
When we exert force (____) on a rigid bar (____) at some distance from an axis of rotation, we create ______.
muscle, bone, torque
Torque
exerting force (muscle) on a rigid bar (bone) at some distance from an axis of rotation
Torque equation
Torque = Force X Perpendicular distance from the line of force to the axis of rotation.
Torque short equation
T = F x lever arm
The perpendicular Distance to the axis of rotation is also referred to as?
The lever arm or torque arm
Bone is made of what?
calcium carbonate (these 2 mineral salts give
calcium phosphate bone its hardness)
collagen (protein, tensial strength,spongy)
water (if dehydrated bone becomes weaker)
Mineral salts provide what in the bone?
stiffness and compressive strength
Collagen provides what in bone?
Flexibility and tensile strength
What significantly weakens bone?
Dehydration
High porosity bones tend to have ______. Low porosity bones tend to have ______.
fewer mineral salts therefore decreases compressive strength.
more mineral salts therefore increase in compressive strength.
When determining the porosity of bone there are 2 types, what are they?
Cortical and Trabecular
Cortical bone
mineral dense bone
found in diaphyses (shafts of long bones)
necessary for weight bearign
Trabecular bone
less mineral dense bone
found in epiphyses (end) of long bone
necessary for absorbing shock
Stiffness and compressive strength in bone is provided thanks to?
Mineral salts
Flexibility and tensile strength in bone is provided thanks too?
Collagen
Bones can safely resist _____ more than _____, and they can safely withstand _____ more than _____ forces.
Compression, Tension, Tension, Shear
Bone is living tissue and is constantly being formed and reabsorbed. What cells form new bone? What cells reabsorb or tear down bone?
Osteoblasts make bone
Osteoclasts reabsorb or tear down bone
Wolff’s Law
Bone strength & mass increases & decreases as the functional forces on the bone increases and decreases.
Bone atrophy
Decrease in bone mass due to a predominance of osteoclast activity.
Bone Hypertrophy
increases in bone mass due to a predominance of osteoblast.
Osteoporosis
- Most common metabolic disorder in the U.S.
- disorder involving decreased bone mass & decreased strength with one or more resulting Fx.
- Most common manifestation=deformation & Fx of lumbar verte. the femoral neck at hip, & distal radius.
increase in bone mass, lots of osteoblasts
Bone Hypertrophy
deceases in bone mass, lots of osteoclasts
Bone Atrophy
Disorder involving decreased bone mass & decreased strength with one or more resulting fractures?
Osteoporosis
How can we combat Osteoporosis??
- balanced diet with sufficient calcium & magnesium
- regular weight bearing exercises (walking, jogging, and resistance training)
- estrogen/testosterone therapy may be required as a last resort
Why are the long bones of the human body stronger in resisting compression that tension and shear?
Mineral salts provide stiffness and compressive strength in the diaphysis of long bones (cortical bone). Very necessary for weight bearing.
Would you expect the heavier people would have denser bones than their lighter counterparts?
No. Lighter people are normally more active and one of the best ways of having dense bones is throughout regular weight bearing activities and having a balanced diet (calcium and magnesium).
Rank the following activities according to their effect on increasing bone density. Defend your answer:
walking, bike riding, water polo, weightlifting
- weightlifting
- walking
- bike riding
- water polo
* **From 1-4 the weight bearing activity decreases
How many vertebrae are in the Vertebral Column?
33 vertebrae
At what vertebra does the weight get dissipated into the pelvis…sacralischial joint?
L5
At what ages do you build up your bone bank?? These are very important years to build up you bone strength for the rest of your life
around 18-22
