Basic Anatomical Review

Question 1

Functions of the skeleton

Answer 1

Support, protection, locomotion, mineral depository, blood formation

Question 2

Axial Skeleton

Answer 2

cranium, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

Question 3

Name the different regions of the vertebral column and how many bones are in each region

Answer 3

Cervical 7, thoracic 12, lumbar 5, sacral 5 fused, coccygeal 4 fussed

Question 4

C1 and C2 are called?

Answer 4

C1 = Atlas
C2 = Axis

Question 5

Name the three parts of the sternum

Answer 5

manubrium, gladiolus, xiphoid process

Question 6

Types of bones

Answer 6

long, flat, short, irregular, sesamoids

Question 7

Functions of joints

Answer 7

growth
movement
dissipate forces

Question 8

noby ends of bones, more spongy (shock absorption)

Answer 8

epiphysis

Question 9

shaft, hard

Answer 9

Diaphysis

Question 10

little bones

Answer 10

carpals and tarsals

Question 11

Name carpals and how many?

Answer 11

Hamate capatate trapazoid trapizum

pisiform triqutrum lunate scaphoid, 8

Question 12

Name tarsals and how many foot bones?

Answer 12

Calcaneous, talus, navicular, cuboid, all cuneiforms, 7

Question 13

appendicular skeleton

Answer 13

scapulae, clavicles, upper extremity=humerus, radius, ulna, carpals(8), metacarpals, phalanges
Pelvis=ilium, ischium, pubis
Lower extremity=femur, patella, tibia, tarsals (7), metatarsals, phalanges

Question 14

Let us remember that joints are actually ______ of _________.

Answer 14

axes of rotation

Question 15

Bones, especially long bones or stabilized bony segments represent _______ _______.

Answer 15

rigid bars

Question 16

When we exert force (____) on a rigid bar (____) at some distance from an axis of rotation, we create ______.

Answer 16

muscle, bone, torque

Question 17

Torque

Answer 17

exerting force (muscle) on a rigid bar (bone) at some distance from an axis of rotation

Question 18

Torque equation

Answer 18

Torque = Force X Perpendicular distance from the line of force to the axis of rotation.

Question 19

Torque short equation

Answer 19

T = F x lever arm

Question 20

The perpendicular Distance to the axis of rotation is also referred to as?

Answer 20

The lever arm or torque arm

Question 21

Bone is made of what?

Answer 21

calcium carbonate (these 2 mineral salts give
calcium phosphate bone its hardness)
collagen (protein, tensial strength,spongy)
water (if dehydrated bone becomes weaker)

Question 22

Mineral salts provide what in the bone?

Answer 22

stiffness and compressive strength

Question 23

Collagen provides what in bone?

Answer 23

Flexibility and tensile strength

Question 24

What significantly weakens bone?

Answer 24

Dehydration

Question 25

High porosity bones tend to have ______. Low porosity bones tend to have ______.

Answer 25

fewer mineral salts therefore decreases compressive strength.
more mineral salts therefore increase in compressive strength.

Question 26

When determining the porosity of bone there are 2 types, what are they?

Answer 26

Cortical and Trabecular

Question 27

Cortical bone

Answer 27

mineral dense bone
found in diaphyses (shafts of long bones)
necessary for weight bearign

Question 28

Trabecular bone

Answer 28

less mineral dense bone
found in epiphyses (end) of long bone
necessary for absorbing shock

Question 29

Stiffness and compressive strength in bone is provided thanks to?

Answer 29

Mineral salts

Question 30

Flexibility and tensile strength in bone is provided thanks too?

Answer 30

Collagen

Question 31

Bones can safely resist _____ more than _____, and they can safely withstand _____ more than _____ forces.

Answer 31

Compression, Tension, Tension, Shear

Question 32

Bone is living tissue and is constantly being formed and reabsorbed. What cells form new bone? What cells reabsorb or tear down bone?

Answer 32

Osteoblasts make bone

Osteoclasts reabsorb or tear down bone

Question 33

Wolff’s Law

Answer 33

Bone strength & mass increases & decreases as the functional forces on the bone increases and decreases.

Question 34

Bone atrophy

Answer 34

Decrease in bone mass due to a predominance of osteoclast activity.

Question 35

Bone Hypertrophy

Answer 35

increases in bone mass due to a predominance of osteoblast.

Question 36

Osteoporosis

Answer 36

• Most common metabolic disorder in the U.S.
• disorder involving decreased bone mass & decreased strength with one or more resulting Fx.
• Most common manifestation=deformation & Fx of lumbar verte. the femoral neck at hip, & distal radius.

Question 37

increase in bone mass, lots of osteoblasts

Answer 37

Bone Hypertrophy

Question 38

deceases in bone mass, lots of osteoclasts

Answer 38

Bone Atrophy

Question 39

Disorder involving decreased bone mass & decreased strength with one or more resulting fractures?

Answer 39

Osteoporosis

Question 40

How can we combat Osteoporosis??

Answer 40

1. balanced diet with sufficient calcium & magnesium
2. regular weight bearing exercises (walking, jogging, and resistance training)
3. estrogen/testosterone therapy may be required as a last resort

Question 41

Why are the long bones of the human body stronger in resisting compression that tension and shear?

Answer 41

Mineral salts provide stiffness and compressive strength in the diaphysis of long bones (cortical bone). Very necessary for weight bearing.

Question 42

Would you expect the heavier people would have denser bones than their lighter counterparts?

Answer 42

No. Lighter people are normally more active and one of the best ways of having dense bones is throughout regular weight bearing activities and having a balanced diet (calcium and magnesium).

Question 43

Rank the following activities according to their effect on increasing bone density. Defend your answer:

walking, bike riding, water polo, weightlifting

Answer 43

1. weightlifting
2. walking
3. bike riding
4. water polo
   * **From 1-4 the weight bearing activity decreases

Question 44

How many vertebrae are in the Vertebral Column?

Answer 44

33 vertebrae

Question 45

At what vertebra does the weight get dissipated into the pelvis…sacralischial joint?

Answer 45

L5

Question 46

At what ages do you build up your bone bank?? These are very important years to build up you bone strength for the rest of your life

Answer 46

around 18-22