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Step 1 - Microbiology > Basic Bacteriology > Flashcards

Basic Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

Function of flagellum

A

Motility

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2
Q

Function of pilus/fimbria

A

Mediate adherence of bacteria to cell surface

Sex pilus forms during conjugation

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3
Q

Spore structure

A

Keratin like coat
Dipicolinic acid
Peptidoglycan
DNA

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4
Q

Spores are produced only by

A

Gram + bacteria

Resist dehydration, heat, chemicals

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5
Q

Bacteria capsule protect against

A

Phagocytosis

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6
Q

Glycocalix function

A

Mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces

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7
Q

Outer membrane is present only in gram

A

Negative

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8
Q

Outer membrane in gram - contains

A

Endotoxine (lipopolysaccharides (LPS/LOS)
Embedded proteins: porins and outer membrane proteins (OMP)
Phospholipids

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9
Q

Unique to gram +

A

Lipoteichoic acid

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10
Q

Endotoxin lipid A induces

A

TNF

IL1

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11
Q

Most outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are

A

Antigenic

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12
Q

Periplasm is

A

Space between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in gram - bacteria
Contains peptidoglycans

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13
Q

Beta lactamases in gram - bacteria are contained in

A

Periplasm

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14
Q

Cell wall is composed by

A

Peptidoglycan with peptide side chains cross linked by transpeptidase

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15
Q

Penicillin binding proteins are located in

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

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16
Q

penicillin binding proteins are involved in

A

Cell wall synthesis

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17
Q

Lipoteichoic acids (gram +) induce

A

TNF alpha

IL-1

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18
Q

Gram + coccus

A

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus

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19
Q

Gram - coccus

A

Neisseria

Moraxella catharralis

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20
Q

Gram + bacillus

A 
Bacillus
Clostridium
Corynebacterium
Gardnerella
Lactobacillus
Listeria
Mycobacterium
Propionilbacterium
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21
Q

Silver stain

A

Legionella

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22
Q

Acid fast

A

Mycobacterium

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23
Q

Pleomorfic gram -: no cell wall

A

Elhrlichia
Chlamydiae
Rickettsiae
Mycoplasma

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24
Q

Spirochetes

A

Borrelia
Leptospira
Treponema

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25
Giemsa: Certain Bugs Really Try my Patiente
``` Chlamydiae Borrelia Ricketsia Trypanosomes Plasmodium ```
26
Gram + color dye with gram stain
Violet: thick peptidoglycan layer retain crystal violet dye
27
Gram - color dye with gram stain
Red or pink
28
Gram stain doesn't dye well
These Little Microbes May Unfortunately Lack Real Color But Are - Treponema - Leptospira - Mycobacteria - Mycoplasma - Ureaplasma - Legionella - Rickettsia - Chlamydia - Bartonella - Anaplasma - Ehrlichia
29
PAS stain
Glycogen: Whipple disease: Tropheryma whipplei
30
Ziehl-Neelsen stain
Acid fast bacteria: Mycobacteria, Nocardia | Protozoa: Cryptosporidium
31
Current standard of care for acid fast bacteria
Auramine-Rhodamine stain: less expensive than ziehl-neelsen stain, less specific and more sensitive
32
Cryptococcus neoformans can be identified with the _____ stain
India ink
33
Silver stain is used to identify
Fungi: P.jirovecii Legionella Helicobacter pylori
34
Properties of growth media
1. Selective media: favors growth of particular organsim, while preventing growth of other organisms 2. Indicator (differential media): yelds color change in response to metabolism of certain organisms
35
Neisseria is grown in ______ culture
Thayer-Martin
36
Example of indicator/differential media
MacConkey
37
H influenzae is grown in ______ culture
Chocolate agar
38
Bordetella is grown in ______ culture
Bordet-Gengou agar (Bordetella) | Regan-Lowe medium
39
M tuberculosis is grown in ______ culture
Löwenstein-jensen agar
40
M pneumoniae is grown in ______ culture
Eaton
41
Lactose fermenting enterics are grown in ______ culture
MacConkey agar: fermentation produces acid, causing colonies to turn pink
42
E coli is grown in ______ culture
EMB agar
43
Legionella is grown in ______ culture
Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron
44
Fungi are grown in ______ culture
Sabouraud
45
M tuberculosis has a predilection for
Apices of the lung: aerobe bacteria
46
Example of anaerobe bacteria
``` Cant breath fresh air Clostridium Bacteriodetes Fusobacterium Actinomyces ```
47
Aminoglycosides are ineffective against
Anaerobes: A mi NO me afectas: aminoglycosides | They require O2 to enter into bacterial cell
48
Obligate intracellular
Stay inside when it is Really CHilly and COld: 1. Rickettsia 2. CHlamidia 3. COxiella
49
Facultative intracellular
Some Nasty Bugs May Live FaculativeLY 1. Salmonella 2. Neisseria 3. Brucella: cruces de Malta 4. Mycobacterium 5. Listeria 6. Francisella 7. Legionella 8. Yersinia pestis
50
Encapsulated bacteria
``` SomE Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules: 1. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococci group B 2. E.coli 3. Klebsiella pneumoniae 4. Haemophilus influenzae type B 5. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6. Neisseria meningitidis 7. Campylobacter +BABESIA (parasite) ```
51
Serves as antigen in vaccines against encapsulated bacteria
Capsular polysaccharide + PROTEIN conjugate: promotes T-cell activation: Class Switching
52
Examples of Capsular polysaccharide + PROTEIN conjugate vaccine
- Pneumococcal: PCV13: pneumococcal conjugate vaccine - H.influenzae type B - Meningococcal vaccine
53
PPSV23
Pneumococcal polysaccharide without conjugated protein: no effect over T-cells
54
Urease positive organsims
Pee CHUNKSS: 1. Proteus 2. Cryptococcus 3. H.pylori 4. Ureaplasma 5. Nocardia 6. Klebsiella 7. S.epidermidis 8. S.saprophyticus
55
Predispose to struvite stones
Urease positive organisms | Specially Proteus
56
Catalase positive organismes
1. Nocardia 2. Pseudomonas 3. Listeria 4. Aspergillus 5. Candida 6. E.coli 7. Staphylococci 8. Serratia 9. B cepacia 10. H pylori
57
Chronic granulomatous disease: NADPH oxidase deficiency: have recurrent infections with
Catalase + organisms: Aspergillus, Staphylococci
58
Bacteria that produces yellow granules
Actinomyces israelii: yellow sulfur granules
59
Bacteria that produces yellow pigment
S.aureus
60
Bacteria that produces blue- green pigment
P aeruginosa: pyocyanin, pyoverdin
61
Bacteria that produces red pigment
Serratia marcescens
62
In vivo biofilm producing bacteria
1. S. epidermidis: Catheter, prosthetic device 2. Viridans streptococci: S.mutans, S sanguinis: Dental plaques: infective endocarditis 3. P. aeruginosa: respiratory colonization in CysF, ventilator associated pneumonia, contact lens keratitis 4. Unencapsulated H. influenzae: otitis media
63
Bacterial virulence factors promote
evasion of host immune response
64
List Bacterial virulence factors
1. Protein A 2. IgA protease 3. M protein
65
Binds Fc region of IgG
Protein A: prevents opsonisation and phagocytosis | Expressed by S.aureus
66
Enzyme that cleaves IgA allowing bacteria to adhere to and colonize mucous membranes
IgA protease: S.pneumoniae, H,influenzae and Neisseria | Encapsulated: Some Have Nice IgA proteases
67
M protein is expressed by
Group A streptococci (pyogenes)
68
Prevents phagocytosis and its molecular mimicry underlies the autoimmune response in acute rheumatic fever
M protein
69
Needle like protein appendage facilitating direct delivery of toxins in gram -
Injectisome
70
Bacterial genetics phenomena
1. Transformation 2. Conjugation 3. Transduction 4. Transposition 5. Spore formation
71
Transformation
Binding and importing naked chromosomal DNA from dead bacteria after lysis: Spneumoniae, H.influenzae, Neisseria = IgA protease
72
Adding deoxyribonuclease to environment and transformation
It will prevent it as it will degrade naked DNA in medium
73
Conjugation
F+ plasmid contains genes for sex pilus and conjugation
74
Transfer of chromosomal DNA in conjugation
NONE
75
High frequency recombination conjugation
F+ plasmida is incorporated into bacterial chromosomal DNA: Hfr cell Transfer of plasmid and few flanking chromosomal genes
76
Recipient cell of High Freuency recombination
Remains F- cell
77
Transduction needs a
Phage - Generalised: Lytic phage - Specialized: Lysogenic phage
78
Generalized transduction
Packaging event: Lytic phage cleaves bacterial DNA which may be packaged in phage capsid
79
Specialised transduction
Excision event: Lysogenic phage: Viral DNA incorporates into bacterial chromosome: phage DNA is exciced flankinf bacterial DNA is carried with it and packaged into phage capsid
80
Genes for 5 bacterial toxins are encodid in a lysogenic phage:
A,B,C,D'S A. A strept Erythogenic toxin: Scarlet fever B. Botulinum toxin C. Cholera toxin D. Diphteria toxin S. Shiga toxin: Shigella dysenteriae, E.coli enterohemorrágico O157:H7
81
Transposition
Segment of DNA (transposon) that can jump from one location to another, transfer genes from plasmid to chromosome and vice-versa, including flanking chromosomal DNA during excision
82
Through what genetic mechanism is Van A gene from vancomycin resistant enterococcus transmitted?
Transposition
83
Have dipicolinic acid in their core
Spores
84
Formed at the end of stationary phase when nutrients are limited
Spores
85
To kill spores you must
Autoclave: steaming at 121ºC for 15 minutes
86
Spore forming bacteria
1. Bacillus: anthracis (antrax), cereus (fried rice poisoning) 2. Clostridium: botulinum (botulism), difficile (pseudomembranous colitis), perfringens (gas gangrene), tetani (tetanus).
87
Source of endotoxins
Outer cell membrane of most gram - bacteria
88
Chemistry of endotoxins
Lipid A component of LPS: structural part of gram -, released when lysed
89
Gene location of exotoxin
Plasmid (conjugation) or phage (transduction)
90
Chemistry of exotoxins
Polypeptide
91
Gene location of endotoxins
Chromosomal DNA
92
Adverse effects of exotoxins
High: fatal dose 1 micro gram
93
Adverse effects of endotoxins
Low: fatal dose hundreds of micrograms
94
Clinical effects of endotoxins
Fever Shock: hypotension DIC
95
Antigenicity of endotoxins
Poorly antigenic
96
Antigenicity of exotoxins
Induces high-titer antibodies: antitoxines: CAN be used as vaccines
97
Vaccines in exotoxins
Toxoids can be used as vaccines
98
Vaccines in endotoxins
No toxoids formed and no vaccine available: it's not a polypeptide
99
Heat stability of endotoxins
Stable at 100ºC for 1 hour
100
Heat stability of exotoxins
Térmolábiles: Destroyed at 60ºC (except for Staphylococcal enterotoxin and E.coli Heat stable toxin)
101
Typical diseases produced by exotoxins
1. Tetanus 2. Botulism 3. Diphteria
102
Typical diseases caused by endotoxins
Meningococcemia | Sepsis by gram - rods
103
Endotoxin mode of action
Induces TNF, IL-1 and IL-6
104
Exotoxins mode of action
1. Inhibit protein synthesis 2. Increase fluid secretion 3. Inhibit phagocytic ability 4. Inhibit release of neurotransmitter 5. Lyse cell membranes 6. Superantigens causing shock
105
Bacteria that inhibit protein synthesis through exotoxins
1. Corynebacterium diphtheriae: diphteria toxin 2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Exotoxin A 3. Shigella spp.: Shiga toxin 4. Enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC): Shiga-Like toxin
106
Enhances cytokine release causeing HUS (hemolytic Uremic Syndrome)
Shiga toxin | Shiga-like toxin of EHEC O157: H7
107
Bacteria that increase fluid seretion through exotoxins
1. Enterotoxigenic E.coli: Heat Labile and Heat-Stable 2. Bacillus anthracis: Edema toxin 3. Vibrio cholerae: Cholera toxin
108
Heat labile toxin of enterotoxigenic E.coli
Overactivates adenylate Cyclase: Cl and H20 secretion in gut: Labile in the Air
109
Heat stable toxin of enterotoxigenic E.coli
Overactivates guanylate cyclase: Less resorption of NaCl and H20 in gut. Stable in the Ground
110
_____ is the Likely responsible for characteristic edematous borders of black eschar in cutaneous _____
1. Edema toxin | 2. Anthrax
111
Bacteria that inhibit phagocytic ability through exotoxins
Bordetella pertussis: pertussis toxin
112
Whooping cough | 100-day cough in adults
Bordetella pertussis
113
Bacteria that inhibit release of neurotransmitter through exotoxins
1. Clostridium teteni: tetanospasmin | 2. Clostridium botulinum: botulinum toxin
114
Proteases that cleave SNARE required for neutrotransmitter release via vesicular vusion
Tetanospasmin | Botulinum toxin
115
SPASTIC paralysis Risus sardonicus Lockjaw
Clostritidium tetani: toxin prevents release of inhibitory neutrotransmitters from Renshaw cells in spinal cord
116
FLACCID paralysis | Floppu nanu
Clostridium botulinum: toxin prevents release of stimulatory (Ach) signals at neuromuscular junctions
117
Bacteria that lyse cell membranes through exotoxins
1. Clostridium perfringens: Alpha toxin | 2. Streptococcus pyogenes: Streptolisin O
118
Phosholipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes
Alpha toxin of clostridium perfringens: myonecrosis (gas gangrene) and hemolysis
119
Double zone of hemolysis on blood agar
Clostridium perfringens
120
Host antibodies against its toxin is used to diagnose rheumatic fever
Anti streptolysin O toxin of S.pyogenes
121
Bacteria that produce superantigens causing shock through exotoxins
1. Staphylococcus aureus: TSST-1 | 2. Streptococcus pyogenes: Exotoxin A
122
Endotoxin parts
O antigen+core polysaccharide + lipid A (toxic component)
123
Endotoxin and active secretion
NO: they are released upon cell lysis or by living cells by blebs detaching from outer surface
124
3 main effects of endotoxins
1. Macrophage activation: TLR4 2. Complement activation 3. Tissue factor activation
125
ENDOTOXINS effect
``` E dema N itricoxide: hypotension DIC/Death: tissue factor activation Outer membrane T NF a O- antigen + core polysaccharide + lipid A eXtremely heat stable IL-1 and IL-6 Neutrophil chemotaxis Shock ```

Step 1 - Microbiology (7 decks)

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