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Step 1 - Microbiology > Basic Bacteriology > Flashcards

Basic Bacteriology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Function of flagellum

A

Motility

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2
Q

Function of pilus/fimbria

A

Mediate adherence of bacteria to cell surface

Sex pilus forms during conjugation

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3
Q

Spore structure

A

Keratin like coat
Dipicolinic acid
Peptidoglycan
DNA

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4
Q

Spores are produced only by

A

Gram + bacteria

Resist dehydration, heat, chemicals

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5
Q

Bacteria capsule protect against

A

Phagocytosis

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6
Q

Glycocalix function

A

Mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces

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7
Q

Outer membrane is present only in gram

A

Negative

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8
Q

Outer membrane in gram - contains

A

Endotoxine (lipopolysaccharides (LPS/LOS)
Embedded proteins: porins and outer membrane proteins (OMP)
Phospholipids

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9
Q

Unique to gram +

A

Lipoteichoic acid

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10
Q

Endotoxin lipid A induces

A

TNF

IL1

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11
Q

Most outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are

A

Antigenic

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12
Q

Periplasm is

A

Space between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in gram - bacteria
Contains peptidoglycans

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13
Q

Beta lactamases in gram - bacteria are contained in

A

Periplasm

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14
Q

Cell wall is composed by

A

Peptidoglycan with peptide side chains cross linked by transpeptidase

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15
Q

Penicillin binding proteins are located in

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

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16
Q

penicillin binding proteins are involved in

A

Cell wall synthesis

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17
Q

Lipoteichoic acids (gram +) induce

A

TNF alpha

IL-1

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18
Q

Gram + coccus

A

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus

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19
Q

Gram - coccus

A

Neisseria

Moraxella catharralis

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20
Q

Gram + bacillus

A 
Bacillus
Clostridium
Corynebacterium
Gardnerella
Lactobacillus
Listeria
Mycobacterium
Propionilbacterium
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21
Q

Silver stain

A

Legionella

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22
Q

Acid fast

A

Mycobacterium

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23
Q

Pleomorfic gram -: no cell wall

A

Elhrlichia
Chlamydiae
Rickettsiae
Mycoplasma

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24
Q

Spirochetes

A

Borrelia
Leptospira
Treponema

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25
Q

Giemsa: Certain Bugs Really Try my Patiente

A 
Chlamydiae
Borrelia
Ricketsia
Trypanosomes
Plasmodium
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26
Q

Gram + color dye with gram stain

A

Violet: thick peptidoglycan layer retain crystal violet dye

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27
Q

Gram - color dye with gram stain

A

Red or pink

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28
Q

Gram stain doesn’t dye well

A

These Little Microbes May Unfortunately Lack Real Color But Are

  • Treponema
  • Leptospira
  • Mycobacteria
  • Mycoplasma
  • Ureaplasma
  • Legionella
  • Rickettsia
  • Chlamydia
  • Bartonella
  • Anaplasma
  • Ehrlichia
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29
Q

PAS stain

A

Glycogen: Whipple disease: Tropheryma whipplei

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30
Q

Ziehl-Neelsen stain

A

Acid fast bacteria: Mycobacteria, Nocardia

Protozoa: Cryptosporidium

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31
Q

Current standard of care for acid fast bacteria

A

Auramine-Rhodamine stain: less expensive than ziehl-neelsen stain, less specific and more sensitive

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32
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans can be identified with the _____ stain

A

India ink

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33
Q

Silver stain is used to identify

A

Fungi: P.jirovecii
Legionella
Helicobacter pylori

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34
Q

Properties of growth media

A
  1. Selective media: favors growth of particular organsim, while preventing growth of other organisms
  2. Indicator (differential media): yelds color change in response to metabolism of certain organisms
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35
Q

Neisseria is grown in ______ culture

A

Thayer-Martin

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36
Q

Example of indicator/differential media

A

MacConkey

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37
Q

H influenzae is grown in ______ culture

A

Chocolate agar

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38
Q

Bordetella is grown in ______ culture

A

Bordet-Gengou agar (Bordetella)

Regan-Lowe medium

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39
Q

M tuberculosis is grown in ______ culture

A

Löwenstein-jensen agar

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40
Q

M pneumoniae is grown in ______ culture

A

Eaton

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41
Q

Lactose fermenting enterics are grown in ______ culture

A

MacConkey agar: fermentation produces acid, causing colonies to turn pink

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42
Q

E coli is grown in ______ culture

A

EMB agar

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43
Q

Legionella is grown in ______ culture

A

Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron

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44
Q

Fungi are grown in ______ culture

A

Sabouraud

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45
Q

M tuberculosis has a predilection for

A

Apices of the lung: aerobe bacteria

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46
Q

Example of anaerobe bacteria

A 
Cant breath fresh air
Clostridium
Bacteriodetes
Fusobacterium
Actinomyces
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47
Q

Aminoglycosides are ineffective against

A

Anaerobes: A mi NO me afectas: aminoglycosides

They require O2 to enter into bacterial cell

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48
Q

Obligate intracellular

A

Stay inside when it is Really CHilly and COld:

  1. Rickettsia
  2. CHlamidia
  3. COxiella
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49
Q

Facultative intracellular

A

Some Nasty Bugs May Live FaculativeLY

  1. Salmonella
  2. Neisseria
  3. Brucella: cruces de Malta
  4. Mycobacterium
  5. Listeria
  6. Francisella
  7. Legionella
  8. Yersinia pestis
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50
Q

Encapsulated bacteria

A 
SomE Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules:
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococci group B
2. E.coli
3. Klebsiella pneumoniae
4. Haemophilus influenzae type B
5. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
6. Neisseria meningitidis
7. Campylobacter
\+BABESIA (parasite)
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51
Q

Serves as antigen in vaccines against encapsulated bacteria

A

Capsular polysaccharide + PROTEIN conjugate: promotes T-cell activation: Class Switching

52
Q

Examples of Capsular polysaccharide + PROTEIN conjugate vaccine

A
  • Pneumococcal: PCV13: pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
  • H.influenzae type B
  • Meningococcal vaccine
53
Q

PPSV23

A

Pneumococcal polysaccharide without conjugated protein: no effect over T-cells

54
Q

Urease positive organsims

A

Pee CHUNKSS:

  1. Proteus
  2. Cryptococcus
  3. H.pylori
  4. Ureaplasma
  5. Nocardia
  6. Klebsiella
  7. S.epidermidis
  8. S.saprophyticus
55
Q

Predispose to struvite stones

A

Urease positive organisms

Specially Proteus

56
Q

Catalase positive organismes

A
  1. Nocardia
  2. Pseudomonas
  3. Listeria
  4. Aspergillus
  5. Candida
  6. E.coli
  7. Staphylococci
  8. Serratia
  9. B cepacia
  10. H pylori
57
Q

Chronic granulomatous disease: NADPH oxidase deficiency: have recurrent infections with

A

Catalase + organisms: Aspergillus, Staphylococci

58
Q

Bacteria that produces yellow granules

A

Actinomyces israelii: yellow sulfur granules

59
Q

Bacteria that produces yellow pigment

A

S.aureus

60
Q

Bacteria that produces blue- green pigment

A

P aeruginosa: pyocyanin, pyoverdin

61
Q

Bacteria that produces red pigment

A

Serratia marcescens

62
Q

In vivo biofilm producing bacteria

A
  1. S. epidermidis: Catheter, prosthetic device
  2. Viridans streptococci: S.mutans, S sanguinis: Dental plaques: infective endocarditis
  3. P. aeruginosa: respiratory colonization in CysF, ventilator associated pneumonia, contact lens keratitis
  4. Unencapsulated H. influenzae: otitis media
63
Q

Bacterial virulence factors promote

A

evasion of host immune response

64
Q

List Bacterial virulence factors

A
  1. Protein A
  2. IgA protease
  3. M protein
65
Q

Binds Fc region of IgG

A

Protein A: prevents opsonisation and phagocytosis

Expressed by S.aureus

66
Q

Enzyme that cleaves IgA allowing bacteria to adhere to and colonize mucous membranes

A

IgA protease: S.pneumoniae, H,influenzae and Neisseria

Encapsulated: Some Have Nice IgA proteases

67
Q

M protein is expressed by

A

Group A streptococci (pyogenes)

68
Q

Prevents phagocytosis and its molecular mimicry underlies the autoimmune response in acute rheumatic fever

A

M protein

69
Q

Needle like protein appendage facilitating direct delivery of toxins in gram -

A

Injectisome

70
Q

Bacterial genetics phenomena

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Conjugation
  3. Transduction
  4. Transposition
  5. Spore formation
71
Q

Transformation

A

Binding and importing naked chromosomal DNA from dead bacteria after lysis: Spneumoniae, H.influenzae, Neisseria = IgA protease

72
Q

Adding deoxyribonuclease to environment and transformation

A

It will prevent it as it will degrade naked DNA in medium

73
Q

Conjugation

A

F+ plasmid contains genes for sex pilus and conjugation

74
Q

Transfer of chromosomal DNA in conjugation

A

NONE

75
Q

High frequency recombination conjugation

A

F+ plasmida is incorporated into bacterial chromosomal DNA: Hfr cell
Transfer of plasmid and few flanking chromosomal genes

76
Q

Recipient cell of High Freuency recombination

A

Remains F- cell

77
Q

Transduction needs a

A

Phage

  • Generalised: Lytic phage
  • Specialized: Lysogenic phage
78
Q

Generalized transduction

A

Packaging event: Lytic phage cleaves bacterial DNA which may be packaged in phage capsid

79
Q

Specialised transduction

A

Excision event: Lysogenic phage: Viral DNA incorporates into bacterial chromosome: phage DNA is exciced flankinf bacterial DNA is carried with it and packaged into phage capsid

80
Q

Genes for 5 bacterial toxins are encodid in a lysogenic phage:

A

A,B,C,D’S
A. A strept Erythogenic toxin: Scarlet fever
B. Botulinum toxin
C. Cholera toxin
D. Diphteria toxin
S. Shiga toxin: Shigella dysenteriae, E.coli enterohemorrágico O157:H7

81
Q

Transposition

A

Segment of DNA (transposon) that can jump from one location to another, transfer genes from plasmid to chromosome and vice-versa, including flanking chromosomal DNA during excision

82
Q

Through what genetic mechanism is Van A gene from vancomycin resistant enterococcus transmitted?

A

Transposition

83
Q

Have dipicolinic acid in their core

A

Spores

84
Q

Formed at the end of stationary phase when nutrients are limited

A

Spores

85
Q

To kill spores you must

A

Autoclave: steaming at 121ºC for 15 minutes

86
Q

Spore forming bacteria

A
  1. Bacillus: anthracis (antrax), cereus (fried rice poisoning)
  2. Clostridium: botulinum (botulism), difficile (pseudomembranous colitis), perfringens (gas gangrene), tetani (tetanus).
87
Q

Source of endotoxins

A

Outer cell membrane of most gram - bacteria

88
Q

Chemistry of endotoxins

A

Lipid A component of LPS: structural part of gram -, released when lysed

89
Q

Gene location of exotoxin

A

Plasmid (conjugation) or phage (transduction)

90
Q

Chemistry of exotoxins

A

Polypeptide

91
Q

Gene location of endotoxins

A

Chromosomal DNA

92
Q

Adverse effects of exotoxins

A

High: fatal dose 1 micro gram

93
Q

Adverse effects of endotoxins

A

Low: fatal dose hundreds of micrograms

94
Q

Clinical effects of endotoxins

A

Fever
Shock: hypotension
DIC

95
Q

Antigenicity of endotoxins

A

Poorly antigenic

96
Q

Antigenicity of exotoxins

A

Induces high-titer antibodies: antitoxines: CAN be used as vaccines

97
Q

Vaccines in exotoxins

A

Toxoids can be used as vaccines

98
Q

Vaccines in endotoxins

A

No toxoids formed and no vaccine available: it’s not a polypeptide

99
Q

Heat stability of endotoxins

A

Stable at 100ºC for 1 hour

100
Q

Heat stability of exotoxins

A

Térmolábiles: Destroyed at 60ºC (except for Staphylococcal enterotoxin and E.coli Heat stable toxin)

101
Q

Typical diseases produced by exotoxins

A
  1. Tetanus
  2. Botulism
  3. Diphteria
102
Q

Typical diseases caused by endotoxins

A

Meningococcemia

Sepsis by gram - rods

103
Q

Endotoxin mode of action

A

Induces TNF, IL-1 and IL-6

104
Q

Exotoxins mode of action

A
  1. Inhibit protein synthesis
  2. Increase fluid secretion
  3. Inhibit phagocytic ability
  4. Inhibit release of neurotransmitter
  5. Lyse cell membranes
  6. Superantigens causing shock
105
Q

Bacteria that inhibit protein synthesis through exotoxins

A
  1. Corynebacterium diphtheriae: diphteria toxin
  2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Exotoxin A
  3. Shigella spp.: Shiga toxin
  4. Enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC): Shiga-Like toxin
106
Q

Enhances cytokine release causeing HUS (hemolytic Uremic Syndrome)

A

Shiga toxin

Shiga-like toxin of EHEC O157: H7

107
Q

Bacteria that increase fluid seretion through exotoxins

A
  1. Enterotoxigenic E.coli: Heat Labile and Heat-Stable
  2. Bacillus anthracis: Edema toxin
  3. Vibrio cholerae: Cholera toxin
108
Q

Heat labile toxin of enterotoxigenic E.coli

A

Overactivates adenylate Cyclase: Cl and H20 secretion in gut: Labile in the Air

109
Q

Heat stable toxin of enterotoxigenic E.coli

A

Overactivates guanylate cyclase: Less resorption of NaCl and H20 in gut.
Stable in the Ground

110
Q

_____ is the Likely responsible for characteristic edematous borders of black eschar in cutaneous _____

A
  1. Edema toxin

2. Anthrax

111
Q

Bacteria that inhibit phagocytic ability through exotoxins

A

Bordetella pertussis: pertussis toxin

112
Q

Whooping cough

100-day cough in adults

A

Bordetella pertussis

113
Q

Bacteria that inhibit release of neurotransmitter through exotoxins

A
  1. Clostridium teteni: tetanospasmin

2. Clostridium botulinum: botulinum toxin

114
Q

Proteases that cleave SNARE required for neutrotransmitter release via vesicular vusion

A

Tetanospasmin

Botulinum toxin

115
Q

SPASTIC paralysis
Risus sardonicus
Lockjaw

A

Clostritidium tetani: toxin prevents release of inhibitory neutrotransmitters from Renshaw cells in spinal cord

116
Q

FLACCID paralysis

Floppu nanu

A

Clostridium botulinum: toxin prevents release of stimulatory (Ach) signals at neuromuscular junctions

117
Q

Bacteria that lyse cell membranes through exotoxins

A
  1. Clostridium perfringens: Alpha toxin

2. Streptococcus pyogenes: Streptolisin O

118
Q

Phosholipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes

A

Alpha toxin of clostridium perfringens: myonecrosis (gas gangrene) and hemolysis

119
Q

Double zone of hemolysis on blood agar

A

Clostridium perfringens

120
Q

Host antibodies against its toxin is used to diagnose rheumatic fever

A

Anti streptolysin O toxin of S.pyogenes

121
Q

Bacteria that produce superantigens causing shock through exotoxins

A
  1. Staphylococcus aureus: TSST-1

2. Streptococcus pyogenes: Exotoxin A

122
Q

Endotoxin parts

A

O antigen+core polysaccharide + lipid A (toxic component)

123
Q

Endotoxin and active secretion

A

NO: they are released upon cell lysis or by living cells by blebs detaching from outer surface

124
Q

3 main effects of endotoxins

A
  1. Macrophage activation: TLR4
  2. Complement activation
  3. Tissue factor activation
125
Q

ENDOTOXINS effect

A 
E dema
N itricoxide: hypotension
DIC/Death: tissue factor activation
Outer membrane
T NF a
O- antigen + core polysaccharide + lipid A
eXtremely heat stable
IL-1 and IL-6
Neutrophil chemotaxis
Shock

Step 1 - Microbiology (7 decks)

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