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Step 1 - Microbiology > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

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1
Q

Antimicrobials acting on folic acid synthesis and reduction (DNA methilation)

A

Sulfonamides: sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine

Trimethoprim

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2
Q

Antimicrobials acting on DNA integrity via free radicals

A

Metronidazole

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3
Q

Antimicrobials acting on mRNA synthesis (mRNA polymerase)

A

Rifampicin: mRna

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4
Q

Antimicrobials acting on gyrase

A

Fluoroquinolones: ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin

Quinolone

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5
Q

Antimicrobials acting on cell wall synthesis

A 
Glycopeptides: vancomicin, bacitracin
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
monobactams: aztreonam
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6
Q

Antimicrobials acting on Protein synthesis: 50S subunit

A 
Macrolides: macro=big=50
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Linezolid
Streptogramins
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7
Q

Antimicrobials acting on Protein synthesis: 30S subunit

A

Aminoglycosides: aerobic bacteria only
Glycines: tigecycline
Tetracycline: tetra, doxy, mino (Teta=Tres)

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8
Q

Penicillin G vs V

A 
V= oral
G= IV and IM
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9
Q

Mechanism of action of beta lactamases

A

Bind Penicillin-binding proteins (PBP): block transpeptidase cross linking of peptidoglycan in cell wall and activate autolytic enzymes

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10
Q

Resistance to Penicillin G and V

A

Penicillinase in bacteria (a type of beta lactamase)

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11
Q

Penicillinase-sensitive penicillins

A

Amoxicillin

Ampicillin

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12
Q

Difference between penicillinase sensitive penicillins and penicilline

A

Wider spectrum

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13
Q

Amoxicillin vs ampicillin

A

Amoxicillin has greater oral bioavailability than ampicillin

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14
Q

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

A

Dicloxacillin
Nafcillin
Oxacillin

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15
Q

Clinical use of Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

A

S aureus, except MRSA (methicillin resistant Staphiloccocus aureus)

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16
Q

Antipseudomonal penicillins

A

Piperacillin

Ticarcillin

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17
Q

Antipseudomonal penicillins are susceptible to ____, therefore, they have to be combined with ____

A

Penicillinase

Beta-lactamase inhibitors: clavulanic acid, tazobactam, sulbactam

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18
Q

Beta lactamase inhibitors

A

Clavulanic acid
Sulbactam
Tazobactam
Avibactam

19
Q

Beta lactam drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis that are less susceptible to penicillinases

A

Cephalosporins I-V

20
Q

Organisms typically not covered by 1st-4th generation cephalosporins

A

LAME: (covered by ceftaroline: 5th generation)

  • Listeria
  • Atypicals: Chlamydia, Mycoplasma
  • MRSA
  • Enterococci
21
Q

1st generation cephalosporins

A

Cefazolin

Cephalexin

22
Q

Used prior to surgery to prevent S aureus wound infectinos

A

Cefazolin (1st generation cephalosporin)

23
Q

2nd generation cephalosporins

A

Fake Fox fur
Cefaclor
Cefoxitin
Cefuroxime

24
Q

3rd generation cephalosporins

A

Cetriaxone
Cefotaxime
Ceftazidime
Cefpodoxime

25
Q

Used in meningitis because they acn cross blood-brain barrier

A

3rd generation cephalosporins:

-Ceftriaxone

26
Q

3rd generation cephalosporin used against Pseudomonas

A

Ceftazidime

27
Q

Ceftriaxone uses

A

Meningitis: crosses blood-brain barrier
Gonorrhea (250 mg IM and 1g oral azytromicin)
Lyme disease (disseminated, use Doxacyclin otherwise)

28
Q

4th generation cephalosporins

A

Cefepime

29
Q

Cephalosporins against Pseudomonas

A

Ceftazidime (3rd)

Cefepime (4th)

30
Q

5th generation cephalosporins

A

Ceftaroline: Listeria, MRSA and Enterococci

31
Q

Ceftaroline vs Pseudomonas

A

5th generation cephalosporins don’t cover Pseudomonas

32
Q

Increase nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides

A

Cephalosporins

33
Q

Mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycosides

A

Transpeptidases

34
Q

Carbapenem against Pseudomonas

A

Ertapenem

35
Q

Carbapenems

A

Imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, doripenem

36
Q

Administered with imipenem

A

Cilastatin: with imipenem the kill is lastin with cilastatin

Avoids inactivation of drug in renal tubules

37
Q

Monobactam

A

Aztreonam

38
Q

Clinical use of aztreonam

A

Gram - Rods only

Allergy to penicillines, Renal insuficiency (aminoglycosides not tolerated)

39
Q

Vancomycin is _____ against C difficile

A

Bacteriostatic

In the rest of cases is bactericidal

40
Q

Clinical use of Vancomycin

A

Gram + only: MRSA, S epidermidis, Enterococcus and Clostridium difficile

41
Q

Adverse effects of vancomycin

A

Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity
Thrombophlebitis
Diffuse flushing: red man syndrome

42
Q

Prevent red man syndrome in Vancomycin use

A

Pretreatment with antihistamines and slow infusion rate

43
Q

Mechanism of resistance to Vancomycin

A

Enterococcus via modification of D ala D ala portion of cell wall precursors to D ala D Lac

Step 1 - Microbiology (7 decks)

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