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Step 1 - Microbiology > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

Antimicrobials acting on folic acid synthesis and reduction (DNA methilation)

A

Sulfonamides: sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine

Trimethoprim

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2
Q

Antimicrobials acting on DNA integrity via free radicals

A

Metronidazole

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3
Q

Antimicrobials acting on mRNA synthesis (mRNA polymerase)

A

Rifampicin: mRna

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4
Q

Antimicrobials acting on gyrase

A

Fluoroquinolones: ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin

Quinolone

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5
Q

Antimicrobials acting on cell wall synthesis

A 
Glycopeptides: vancomicin, bacitracin
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
monobactams: aztreonam
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6
Q

Antimicrobials acting on Protein synthesis: 50S subunit

A 
Macrolides: macro=big=50
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Linezolid
Streptogramins
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7
Q

Antimicrobials acting on Protein synthesis: 30S subunit

A

Aminoglycosides: aerobic bacteria only
Glycines: tigecycline
Tetracycline: tetra, doxy, mino (Teta=Tres)

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8
Q

Penicillin G vs V

A 
V= oral
G= IV and IM
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9
Q

Mechanism of action of beta lactamases

A

Bind Penicillin-binding proteins (PBP): block transpeptidase cross linking of peptidoglycan in cell wall and activate autolytic enzymes

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10
Q

Resistance to Penicillin G and V

A

Penicillinase in bacteria (a type of beta lactamase)

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11
Q

Penicillinase-sensitive penicillins

A

Amoxicillin

Ampicillin

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12
Q

Difference between penicillinase sensitive penicillins and penicilline

A

Wider spectrum

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13
Q

Amoxicillin vs ampicillin

A

Amoxicillin has greater oral bioavailability than ampicillin

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14
Q

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

A

Dicloxacillin
Nafcillin
Oxacillin

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15
Q

Clinical use of Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

A

S aureus, except MRSA (methicillin resistant Staphiloccocus aureus)

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16
Q

Antipseudomonal penicillins

A

Piperacillin

Ticarcillin

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17
Q

Antipseudomonal penicillins are susceptible to ____, therefore, they have to be combined with ____

A

Penicillinase

Beta-lactamase inhibitors: clavulanic acid, tazobactam, sulbactam

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18
Q

Beta lactamase inhibitors

A

Clavulanic acid
Sulbactam
Tazobactam
Avibactam

19
Q

Beta lactam drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis that are less susceptible to penicillinases

A

Cephalosporins I-V

20
Q

Organisms typically not covered by 1st-4th generation cephalosporins

A

LAME: (covered by ceftaroline: 5th generation)

  • Listeria
  • Atypicals: Chlamydia, Mycoplasma
  • MRSA
  • Enterococci
21
Q

1st generation cephalosporins

A

Cefazolin

Cephalexin

22
Q

Used prior to surgery to prevent S aureus wound infectinos

A

Cefazolin (1st generation cephalosporin)

23
Q

2nd generation cephalosporins

A

Fake Fox fur
Cefaclor
Cefoxitin
Cefuroxime

24
Q

3rd generation cephalosporins

A

Cetriaxone
Cefotaxime
Ceftazidime
Cefpodoxime

25
Used in meningitis because they acn cross blood-brain barrier
3rd generation cephalosporins: | -Ceftriaxone
26
3rd generation cephalosporin used against Pseudomonas
Ceftazidime
27
Ceftriaxone uses
Meningitis: crosses blood-brain barrier Gonorrhea (250 mg IM and 1g oral azytromicin) Lyme disease (disseminated, use Doxacyclin otherwise)
28
4th generation cephalosporins
Cefepime
29
Cephalosporins against Pseudomonas
Ceftazidime (3rd) | Cefepime (4th)
30
5th generation cephalosporins
Ceftaroline: Listeria, MRSA and Enterococci
31
Ceftaroline vs Pseudomonas
5th generation cephalosporins don't cover Pseudomonas
32
Increase nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides
Cephalosporins
33
Mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycosides
Transpeptidases
34
Carbapenem against Pseudomonas
Ertapenem
35
Carbapenems
Imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, doripenem
36
Administered with imipenem
Cilastatin: with imipenem the kill is lastin with cilastatin | Avoids inactivation of drug in renal tubules
37
Monobactam
Aztreonam
38
Clinical use of aztreonam
Gram - Rods only | Allergy to penicillines, Renal insuficiency (aminoglycosides not tolerated)
39
Vancomycin is _____ against C difficile
Bacteriostatic | In the rest of cases is bactericidal
40
Clinical use of Vancomycin
Gram + only: MRSA, S epidermidis, Enterococcus and Clostridium difficile
41
Adverse effects of vancomycin
Nephrotoxicity Ototoxicity Thrombophlebitis Diffuse flushing: red man syndrome
42
Prevent red man syndrome in Vancomycin use
Pretreatment with antihistamines and slow infusion rate
43
Mechanism of resistance to Vancomycin
Enterococcus via modification of D ala D ala portion of cell wall precursors to D ala D Lac

Step 1 - Microbiology (7 decks)

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