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ANCC Boards > Basic and Applied Sciences > Flashcards

Basic and Applied Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

basal ganglia

A

-brings together emotion, executive fx, motivation, and motor activities
-involved in posture, walking, eye movements, moderate motor expression of emotional states, memory, cognition, emotion controls extrapyrmadial motor tract
-subcortical group of gray matter nuclei, appear to mediate POSTURAL TONE
-made up of STRIATUM, PALLIDUM, SUBSTANTIA NIGRA, SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS
-motor and association areas
-components of corpus striatum (caudate and putmen)
motor and association areas, caudate acts as a gatekeeper and is goal directed motor

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2
Q

abnormal/impairment of basal ganglia

A

slow movements, rigidity, cog-wheel rigidity, dystonia
-striatum-OCD, TICS, tourrettes syndrome
cognitive and emotinal px, EPS
-pladium: flapping movements of arms and legs
-subthalamic nucleus: jerky movements
-substantia nigra: impaired production of dopamine (Parkinsonism sx)

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3
Q

Motor system consists of?

A

basal ganglia (striatum, pallidum, substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus)
cerebelum
motor cortex
autonomic motor system

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4
Q

corpus striatum (caudate and putamen)

A

contains both motor and association systems and is part of the basal ganglia

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5
Q

caudate nucleus

A

part of basal ganglia and acts as a gate keeper for goal directed movements

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6
Q

globus pallidus

A

contains 2 parts
-1 part in the putamen and receives input for corpus striatum and projects fibers to the thalamus
(Wilson’s disease can have significant damage to this area)
(damage will cause flapping movements and dystonic posturing)

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7
Q

substantia nigra

A

has two parts equivalent to globus pallidus interna and the other part is associated with PD (rigidity, tremors, depression)

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8
Q

subthalamic nucleus

A

yield ballistic movements, sudden limb jerks, projectile moevements

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9
Q

cerebellum

A

has simple 6 cell pattern circuitry replicate 10 million times; it is activated serveral miliseconds before planned movement

  • px with cerebellum result in coarse, tremulous movements
  • it modulates the tone of agnistic and antagonistic muscles by predicting relative contraction needed for smooth motion
  • it is active even with just imagining moving
  • cognitive learning, memory, impulse control
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10
Q

motor cortex

A

individual cells in motor strip cause contraction of single muscles
-the supplementary motor area, Brodmann’s area 6, contains cells that individually stimulated can trigger more complex movements by influencing a firing sequence of motor strip cells

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11
Q

Autonomic Motor system

A

sensory component and motor components, sympathetic and parasympathetic
-hypothalamus drives this system

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12
Q

frontal lobe function

A

determines how we act on our knowledge
contains 4 lobes (motor strip, supplemental motor area, Broca’s area, and PFC)
(PFC contains orbitofrontal, dorsolateral and medial)
-any changes effect personality

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13
Q

executive funcitons

A

motivation
attention
sequential actions
sequencing

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14
Q

limbic system

A

contains hippocampus, fornix, mamillary bodies, anterior nucleas of thalamus, and cingulate gyrus, amgydala, septum, basal forebrain, nucleus accumbens, orbitofrontal cortex

  • emotional processing, assigns emotions, emotional association areas
  • amygdala is gate for internal and external stimuli integration and puts emotional meaning, powerful influence on cortex, more potent than the cortex on the amygdala
  • damage causes px to distinguish fear and anger in expressions and voices
  • limbic systems houses emotional association areas that direct hypothalamus to express motor and endocrine components of emotional states
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15
Q

what side is language?

A

-left hemisphere
Broca’s: language production and comprehension
Wernicke’s: understanding meaning to words

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16
Q

Arousal and attention

A

brainstem 3 areas: ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) that projects to the intralaminar nuclei of thalamus to cortex
-during wakefulness ARAS stimulates the thalamus then stimulates regions of the cortex

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17
Q

memory

A

immediate-few seconds
recent-minutes to days
remote-months to years
working memory: immediate and recent
-crtical formation: 1. medial temporal lobe which houses hippocampus
2. amydala-rates emtional importance of memories and activates hippocampus accordingly
3. diencephalon-dorsalomedial nucleus of thalamus and mammary bodies

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18
Q

Left and right hemisphere funcitons

A

Left hemispheres house analytical mind, less of emotion, more intelligence order; speech, knowledge of language, thinking math and reasoning; describe and explain things, places and places them in time and sequence, production of speech, writing, depression, frustration, sadness, apathy,

Right hemisphere dominant for affect, socialization, body image; right can recall nonverbal memories and negative memories; expression of emotions, recognizes facial expression, images, music, visual imagery, REM sleep and day dreams

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19
Q

damage to amygdala of limbic system

A

causes px to distinguish fear and anger in expression and voices

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20
Q

olfactory system

A
  • odorant recpeotrs in nose, each neuron has unique odorant receptors, random in location
  • odorant binding generates neural impulses that travel to olfactory bulb (unique to receptor), this projects to olfactory cortical calumn that is turned to differentiate
  • the olfacotry signals do not project through thalamus but go straight to cortex, frotal lobe and limibc system, especially the pyriform cortex
  • this role of limbic system innervation has significance because alot of smells have emotional responses
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21
Q

Visual systems

A

I. primary visual cortex-cells project to secondary visual cortex
II. cells respond specifically to particular movements of linfes and angles; they then project to two association areas where additional features are extracted and conscious awareness of images forms
-inferior temporal lobe detects what it is; shape/color/form
-posterior parietal lobe detects where it is: tracks location/motion/distance
-parietal lobe then decides to look deeper in part of the visual space or to reach for object
-inferior temporal cortices, adjacent to cortical columns respond to complex forms
-response to facial features: left inferior temporal cortices and complex shapes are in right
-visual spatial orientation involves both right and left hemispheres
(right exp parietal lobe contributes overall contour, perspective and right to left orientation)
(left adds internal detail, embellishment and complexity)

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22
Q

which hemisphere is involved in visual spatial orientation?

A

both left and right

  1. right, especially the parietal lobe, contributes to overall contour and perspective and right to left orientation
  2. left adds internal detail, embellishment, and complexity
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23
Q

sensory systems

A

somatosensory system-light touch, pressure, pain, temperature, vibration, proprioception

  • has point to point connections from body surface to brain
  • reciprical connections (fibers from cortex to thalamus and the thalamus to cortex) help to filter and sharpen internal representation of stimuli
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24
Q

neuroimaging of brain

A

CT-structural brain lesions (tumors, strokes)

MRI-distinguish gray and white matter better

-want to neuroimage if any examination can be localized to brain or spinal cord

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25
CNS resions
1. frontal: behavior, emotions, personality, intellectual funciton Broca's area-mediates motor speech (expressive aphasia) 2. parietal-primary center for sensations 3. occipital- visual receptor center 4. temporal-primary auditory with funciton in hearing, taste, smell Wernicke's-language understanding (receptive aphasia) - thalamus: main relay station - hypothalamus: respiratory center, basic vital funcitons - cerebellum: motor coordination, coordinates and smooths movement
26
brain stem
1. mid brain: most on anterior part of stem; basic tubular structure of spinal cord; merges thalamus and hypothalamus; contains many motor neurons and traits 2. pons: enlarged area that contains ascending sensory and descending motor tracts 3. medulla: continuation of spinal cord; contains all ascending and descending fiber tracts; has vital autonomic centers; crossing of fibers occurs here (decussation)
27
nucleus accumbens
part of basal ganglia: modulates limbic system | REWARD and PLEASURE
28
impairment of nucleus accumbens
methamphetamines use can cause impairment will cause flatt affect, social isolation, loss of interest and lack of motivation, substance abuse
29
septal nuclei
mattures at 7 months quiets and dampens down responses of rage involved in socialization and development of attachment involved in pleasre and reward and sexual pleasure -impairment: hypersexuality, social sickness (intrusive, inappropriate), may be due to lack of nurturing
30
hippocampus
``` "memory structures" -regulates info going to neocortex -involved in memory, learning, and long term memories -retrieving info "builds cognitive maps" assigns time and place to events ```
31
impairment of hippocampus
unable to pay attention, learn new things, and remember or alter per-existing learning -memory deficits (PTSD and decrease in volume in depression, may be reversible)
32
cingulate gyrus
integrates emotional info before convening that infor to hypothalamus and neocortex - assigns emotional value to stimuli - regulates ANS, endocrin, and motor fx - retrieval of short term memories, brings together emotion, executive fx, motivation, and motor action - posture, walking, eye movement - controls extra pyramidal motor tract
33
impairment to cingulate gyrus
impairs ability to read facial expressions, - apathy, flat affect - indifference, deviant social behavior - increased activity can cause ticks and OCD - decreased activity in depressions and reduced response to pain
34
corpus callosum
bundle of neuronal axons that connect both hemispheres | -continues to develop until mid 20s
35
impairment to copus callosum
impairment to transfer infor to other hemispheres - congenital damage can continue to adult hood - inability to understand jokes, humor, and only concrete thinking
36
pons
relays info from cerebral hemispheres to cerebellum (motor)
37
midbrain
controls sensory and motor fx including eye movements (motor and sensory)
38
hypothalamus
pleasure, reward, aversion, rage, | -regulates ANS, hormones, pituitary
39
damage to hypothalamus
damage can increase appetite, emotional liability/instability, changes in body temperature, sleep px, sexual px, aggression, violence, depression, dementia, uncontrollable laughter or crying
40
medula
regulates BP, R, digestion, reflex center for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, hiccups (contains vital ANS areas)
41
thalamus
gates info from neocortex - processes everthing coming from senses, amygdala, and crebellum - wakefullness, sleep, pain perception
42
damage to thalamus
can cause distrubed perception, apathy, drowsy, no longer have a filter=flooded thoughts sx similar to negative schizophrenia sx there is a decrease volume of thalamus in those with schizophrenia
43
amygdala
-anxiety, rage, anger -regulates fear response to stress, evaluates friendliness, fear love and affection and distrust, anger =establish emotional memories
44
damage to amygdala
irritable, anger, aggression, hyper-religious, sexual preoccupation, unable to recognize ppl, may put things in mouth to identify them, insatiable appetite
45
damage to cerebellum
-balance, walking, standing, ataxia, tremors, nystagmus, abnormalities with executive fx, emotional blunting, depression, lack of inhibition, inappropriate behavior, unable to initiate task psychotic sx
46
cerebral cortex
gray matter made of neurons-some on surface but most burried in sulci fissures memory storage and recall speaking and understanding music, math, paying attention, interpreting sensory input, recognize ppl, places, emotional epxressions, planning goal directed behaviors (grooves=sulci and fold tops gyri)
47
damage to right hemisphere
px with interpreting speech, flat monotone speech concrete intepretation of what is said loss ability to sing or recognize music, lost or disoriented px with drawing face of clock memory deficits, pain perception deficits, px recognizing faces, mania or irritability, impulsivity and promiscuity
48
damage to left hemisphere
-damage to broca's area can understand language but have a px with expressive speech (expressive aphasia)
49
Brain communication
1. neurons make up the gray matter of the barin and convey and recieve messages 2. glial cells make up the white matter of the brain and suppor, nurture and protect the neurons
50
glial cells
oligodendrocytes produce mylin for brain neurons | schwann cells produce mylen for PNS
51
astrocytes | microglia cells
- astrocytes nourish the neurons and form the blood brain barrier - microglia cells remove debris
52
norepinephrine comes from
synthisized in locus ceruleous of brain stem
53
dopamine comes from
substantia nigra in brain stem | thinking, decision making, response to reward, integration of thoughts and emotions, fine muscle movements
54
serotonin and melatonin comes from
synthesized from tryptophan found in grains, meats, and dairy products
55
histamine comes from
from amino acid histidine - located in hypothalamus and fibers that project to cerebral cortex, limbic system and thalamus - regulate brain fx, regulate biorhythms, enuroendocrine fx, immune and inflammatory response and stimulate gastric sections - influence arousal, attention, food and water intake, sleep wake cycles, response to pain, release of oxytocin and prolactin and ACTH
56
glutamate comes from
in cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, striatum, cerebellum, spinal cord -excitatory, involved in memory storage, thought to be involved in epilepsy, schizophrenia, and amyotropoic lateral sclerosis
57
aspartate found in
spinal cord | excitatory
58
bama-amnobutyric acid (GABA)
inhibitory precursor for GABA is glutamate -involved in reducing aggression, anxiety, excitement, sleep and muscle relation -prevents glutamate fro excessive stimulation
59
glycine
inhibits neuronal firing and modulates aciotn of glutamate
60
adenosine
inhibitory
61
acetylcholine
primary in motor of PNS from choline; involved in preparing for action, defensive aggressive and in attention learning and memory -controls salvation, GI mobility, pupil size, shape of lense and mucus secretion
62
vasopressin
anti-diuretic hormone | decreased in depression and increased in mania
63
cholecystokinin (CCK)
anxiety d/o, panick attacks, depression
64
corticotropin-releeasing factor (CRF) | HPA axis
increases production of cortisol; involved in cognition, adaptation to stress, mood, and memory; -increased in depression decreased in mania may be involved in AD
65
substance P
involves pain perception, anxiety, memory, and neurochemical response to stress; increased in pts with schizophrenia and depression
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acronym for frontal lobe LIMP
Langauge Intelligence Motor fx Personality
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acronym for temporal lobe LAME
Language Affective component of speech Memory Emotion
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acronym for parietal lobes VAST
Visual spatial Association cortex Symbolic recognition Topographic sense
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acronym for occipital lobes VIP
Visual cortex Integration area Primary visual cortex
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neurotransmission
1. polarization/resting potential: Na and Ca outside cell and K in excitation: Na and Ca rush inside and K rushes outside cell 2. repolarization: K outside, Na inside 3. Hyperpolarization: more K outside then Na inside 4. inhibitory is when either neurotransmisiossion occurs or Cl replaces K in cell BZD cause hyperpolarization erratic depolarization is caused by mania and other d/o

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