Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANCC Boards > Basic and Applied Sciences > Flashcards

Basic and Applied Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

basal ganglia

A

-brings together emotion, executive fx, motivation, and motor activities
-involved in posture, walking, eye movements, moderate motor expression of emotional states, memory, cognition, emotion controls extrapyrmadial motor tract
-subcortical group of gray matter nuclei, appear to mediate POSTURAL TONE
-made up of STRIATUM, PALLIDUM, SUBSTANTIA NIGRA, SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS
-motor and association areas
-components of corpus striatum (caudate and putmen)
motor and association areas, caudate acts as a gatekeeper and is goal directed motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

abnormal/impairment of basal ganglia

A

slow movements, rigidity, cog-wheel rigidity, dystonia
-striatum-OCD, TICS, tourrettes syndrome
cognitive and emotinal px, EPS
-pladium: flapping movements of arms and legs
-subthalamic nucleus: jerky movements
-substantia nigra: impaired production of dopamine (Parkinsonism sx)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Motor system consists of?

A

basal ganglia (striatum, pallidum, substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus)
cerebelum
motor cortex
autonomic motor system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

corpus striatum (caudate and putamen)

A

contains both motor and association systems and is part of the basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

caudate nucleus

A

part of basal ganglia and acts as a gate keeper for goal directed movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

globus pallidus

A

contains 2 parts
-1 part in the putamen and receives input for corpus striatum and projects fibers to the thalamus
(Wilson’s disease can have significant damage to this area)
(damage will cause flapping movements and dystonic posturing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

substantia nigra

A

has two parts equivalent to globus pallidus interna and the other part is associated with PD (rigidity, tremors, depression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

subthalamic nucleus

A

yield ballistic movements, sudden limb jerks, projectile moevements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cerebellum

A

has simple 6 cell pattern circuitry replicate 10 million times; it is activated serveral miliseconds before planned movement

  • px with cerebellum result in coarse, tremulous movements
  • it modulates the tone of agnistic and antagonistic muscles by predicting relative contraction needed for smooth motion
  • it is active even with just imagining moving
  • cognitive learning, memory, impulse control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

motor cortex

A

individual cells in motor strip cause contraction of single muscles
-the supplementary motor area, Brodmann’s area 6, contains cells that individually stimulated can trigger more complex movements by influencing a firing sequence of motor strip cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Autonomic Motor system

A

sensory component and motor components, sympathetic and parasympathetic
-hypothalamus drives this system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

frontal lobe function

A

determines how we act on our knowledge
contains 4 lobes (motor strip, supplemental motor area, Broca’s area, and PFC)
(PFC contains orbitofrontal, dorsolateral and medial)
-any changes effect personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

executive funcitons

A

motivation
attention
sequential actions
sequencing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

limbic system

A

contains hippocampus, fornix, mamillary bodies, anterior nucleas of thalamus, and cingulate gyrus, amgydala, septum, basal forebrain, nucleus accumbens, orbitofrontal cortex

  • emotional processing, assigns emotions, emotional association areas
  • amygdala is gate for internal and external stimuli integration and puts emotional meaning, powerful influence on cortex, more potent than the cortex on the amygdala
  • damage causes px to distinguish fear and anger in expressions and voices
  • limbic systems houses emotional association areas that direct hypothalamus to express motor and endocrine components of emotional states
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what side is language?

A

-left hemisphere
Broca’s: language production and comprehension
Wernicke’s: understanding meaning to words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Arousal and attention

A

brainstem 3 areas: ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) that projects to the intralaminar nuclei of thalamus to cortex
-during wakefulness ARAS stimulates the thalamus then stimulates regions of the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

memory

A

immediate-few seconds
recent-minutes to days
remote-months to years
working memory: immediate and recent
-crtical formation: 1. medial temporal lobe which houses hippocampus
2. amydala-rates emtional importance of memories and activates hippocampus accordingly
3. diencephalon-dorsalomedial nucleus of thalamus and mammary bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Left and right hemisphere funcitons

A

Left hemispheres house analytical mind, less of emotion, more intelligence order; speech, knowledge of language, thinking math and reasoning; describe and explain things, places and places them in time and sequence, production of speech, writing, depression, frustration, sadness, apathy,

Right hemisphere dominant for affect, socialization, body image; right can recall nonverbal memories and negative memories; expression of emotions, recognizes facial expression, images, music, visual imagery, REM sleep and day dreams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

damage to amygdala of limbic system

A

causes px to distinguish fear and anger in expression and voices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

olfactory system

A
  • odorant recpeotrs in nose, each neuron has unique odorant receptors, random in location
  • odorant binding generates neural impulses that travel to olfactory bulb (unique to receptor), this projects to olfactory cortical calumn that is turned to differentiate
  • the olfacotry signals do not project through thalamus but go straight to cortex, frotal lobe and limibc system, especially the pyriform cortex
  • this role of limbic system innervation has significance because alot of smells have emotional responses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Visual systems

A

I. primary visual cortex-cells project to secondary visual cortex
II. cells respond specifically to particular movements of linfes and angles; they then project to two association areas where additional features are extracted and conscious awareness of images forms
-inferior temporal lobe detects what it is; shape/color/form
-posterior parietal lobe detects where it is: tracks location/motion/distance
-parietal lobe then decides to look deeper in part of the visual space or to reach for object
-inferior temporal cortices, adjacent to cortical columns respond to complex forms
-response to facial features: left inferior temporal cortices and complex shapes are in right
-visual spatial orientation involves both right and left hemispheres
(right exp parietal lobe contributes overall contour, perspective and right to left orientation)
(left adds internal detail, embellishment and complexity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which hemisphere is involved in visual spatial orientation?

A

both left and right

  1. right, especially the parietal lobe, contributes to overall contour and perspective and right to left orientation
  2. left adds internal detail, embellishment, and complexity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

sensory systems

A

somatosensory system-light touch, pressure, pain, temperature, vibration, proprioception

  • has point to point connections from body surface to brain
  • reciprical connections (fibers from cortex to thalamus and the thalamus to cortex) help to filter and sharpen internal representation of stimuli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

neuroimaging of brain

A

CT-structural brain lesions (tumors, strokes)

MRI-distinguish gray and white matter better

-want to neuroimage if any examination can be localized to brain or spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

CNS resions

A
  1. frontal: behavior, emotions, personality, intellectual funciton
    Broca’s area-mediates motor speech (expressive aphasia)
  2. parietal-primary center for sensations
  3. occipital- visual receptor center
  4. temporal-primary auditory with funciton in hearing, taste, smell
    Wernicke’s-language understanding (receptive aphasia)
  • thalamus: main relay station
  • hypothalamus: respiratory center, basic vital funcitons
  • cerebellum: motor coordination, coordinates and smooths movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

brain stem

A
  1. mid brain: most on anterior part of stem; basic tubular structure of spinal cord; merges thalamus and hypothalamus; contains many motor neurons and traits
  2. pons: enlarged area that contains ascending sensory and descending motor tracts
  3. medulla: continuation of spinal cord; contains all ascending and descending fiber tracts; has vital autonomic centers; crossing of fibers occurs here (decussation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

part of basal ganglia: modulates limbic system

REWARD and PLEASURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

impairment of nucleus accumbens

A

methamphetamines use can cause impairment
will cause flatt affect, social isolation, loss of interest and lack of motivation,
substance abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

septal nuclei

A

mattures at 7 months
quiets and dampens down responses of rage
involved in socialization and development of attachment
involved in pleasre and reward and sexual pleasure
-impairment: hypersexuality, social sickness (intrusive, inappropriate), may be due to lack of nurturing

30
Q

hippocampus

A 
"memory structures"
-regulates info going to neocortex
-involved in memory, learning, and long term memories
-retrieving info
"builds cognitive maps"
assigns time and place to events
31
Q

impairment of hippocampus

A

unable to pay attention, learn new things, and remember or alter per-existing learning
-memory deficits (PTSD and decrease in volume in depression, may be reversible)

32
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

integrates emotional info before convening that infor to hypothalamus and neocortex

  • assigns emotional value to stimuli
  • regulates ANS, endocrin, and motor fx
  • retrieval of short term memories, brings together emotion, executive fx, motivation, and motor action
  • posture, walking, eye movement
  • controls extra pyramidal motor tract
33
Q

impairment to cingulate gyrus

A

impairs ability to read facial expressions,

  • apathy, flat affect
  • indifference, deviant social behavior
  • increased activity can cause ticks and OCD
  • decreased activity in depressions and reduced response to pain
34
Q

corpus callosum

A

bundle of neuronal axons that connect both hemispheres

-continues to develop until mid 20s

35
Q

impairment to copus callosum

A

impairment to transfer infor to other hemispheres

  • congenital damage can continue to adult hood
  • inability to understand jokes, humor, and only concrete thinking
36
Q

pons

A

relays info from cerebral hemispheres to cerebellum (motor)

37
Q

midbrain

A

controls sensory and motor fx including eye movements (motor and sensory)

38
Q

hypothalamus

A

pleasure, reward, aversion, rage,

-regulates ANS, hormones, pituitary

39
Q

damage to hypothalamus

A

damage can increase appetite, emotional liability/instability, changes in body temperature, sleep px, sexual px, aggression, violence, depression, dementia, uncontrollable laughter or crying

40
Q

medula

A

regulates BP, R, digestion, reflex center for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, hiccups (contains vital ANS areas)

41
Q

thalamus

A

gates info from neocortex

  • processes everthing coming from senses, amygdala, and crebellum
  • wakefullness, sleep, pain perception
42
Q

damage to thalamus

A

can cause distrubed perception, apathy, drowsy, no longer have a filter=flooded thoughts
sx similar to negative schizophrenia sx
there is a decrease volume of thalamus in those with schizophrenia

43
Q

amygdala

A

-anxiety, rage, anger
-regulates fear response to stress, evaluates friendliness, fear love and affection and distrust, anger
=establish emotional memories

44
Q

damage to amygdala

A

irritable, anger, aggression, hyper-religious, sexual preoccupation, unable to recognize ppl, may put things in mouth to identify them, insatiable appetite

45
Q

damage to cerebellum

A

-balance, walking, standing, ataxia, tremors, nystagmus, abnormalities with executive fx, emotional blunting, depression, lack of inhibition, inappropriate behavior, unable to initiate task
psychotic sx

46
Q

cerebral cortex

A

gray matter made of neurons-some on surface but most burried in sulci fissures
memory storage and recall
speaking and understanding music, math, paying attention, interpreting sensory input, recognize ppl, places, emotional epxressions, planning goal directed behaviors (grooves=sulci and fold tops gyri)

47
Q

damage to right hemisphere

A

px with interpreting speech, flat monotone speech
concrete intepretation of what is said
loss ability to sing or recognize music, lost or disoriented
px with drawing face of clock
memory deficits, pain perception deficits, px recognizing faces, mania or irritability, impulsivity and promiscuity

48
Q

damage to left hemisphere

A

-damage to broca’s area can understand language but have a px with expressive speech (expressive aphasia)

49
Q

Brain communication

A
  1. neurons make up the gray matter of the barin and convey and recieve messages
  2. glial cells make up the white matter of the brain and suppor, nurture and protect the neurons
50
Q

glial cells

A

oligodendrocytes produce mylin for brain neurons

schwann cells produce mylen for PNS

51
Q

astrocytes

microglia cells

A
  • astrocytes nourish the neurons and form the blood brain barrier
  • microglia cells remove debris
52
Q

norepinephrine comes from

A

synthisized in locus ceruleous of brain stem

53
Q

dopamine comes from

A

substantia nigra in brain stem

thinking, decision making, response to reward, integration of thoughts and emotions, fine muscle movements

54
Q

serotonin and melatonin comes from

A

synthesized from tryptophan found in grains, meats, and dairy products

55
Q

histamine comes from

A

from amino acid histidine

  • located in hypothalamus and fibers that project to cerebral cortex, limbic system and thalamus
  • regulate brain fx, regulate biorhythms, enuroendocrine fx, immune and inflammatory response and stimulate gastric sections
  • influence arousal, attention, food and water intake, sleep wake cycles, response to pain, release of oxytocin and prolactin and ACTH
56
Q

glutamate comes from

A

in cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, striatum, cerebellum, spinal cord
-excitatory, involved in memory storage, thought to be involved in epilepsy, schizophrenia, and amyotropoic lateral sclerosis

57
Q

aspartate found in

A

spinal cord

excitatory

58
Q

bama-amnobutyric acid (GABA)

A

inhibitory
precursor for GABA is glutamate
-involved in reducing aggression, anxiety, excitement, sleep and muscle relation
-prevents glutamate fro excessive stimulation

59
Q

glycine

A

inhibits neuronal firing and modulates aciotn of glutamate

60
Q

adenosine

A

inhibitory

61
Q

acetylcholine

A

primary in motor of PNS
from choline; involved in preparing for action, defensive aggressive and in attention learning and memory
-controls salvation, GI mobility, pupil size, shape of lense and mucus secretion

62
Q

vasopressin

A

anti-diuretic hormone

decreased in depression and increased in mania

63
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

anxiety d/o, panick attacks, depression

64
Q

corticotropin-releeasing factor (CRF)

HPA axis

A

increases production of cortisol; involved in cognition, adaptation to stress, mood, and memory;
-increased in depression
decreased in mania
may be involved in AD

65
Q

substance P

A

involves pain perception, anxiety, memory, and neurochemical response to stress; increased in pts with schizophrenia and depression

66
Q

acronym for frontal lobe LIMP

A

Langauge
Intelligence
Motor fx
Personality

67
Q

acronym for temporal lobe LAME

A

Language
Affective component of speech
Memory
Emotion

68
Q

acronym for parietal lobes VAST

A

Visual spatial
Association cortex
Symbolic recognition
Topographic sense

69
Q

acronym for occipital lobes VIP

A

Visual cortex
Integration area
Primary visual cortex

70
Q

neurotransmission

A
  1. polarization/resting potential: Na and Ca outside cell and K in
    excitation: Na and Ca rush inside and K rushes outside cell
  2. repolarization: K outside, Na inside
  3. Hyperpolarization: more K outside then Na inside
  4. inhibitory is when either neurotransmisiossion occurs or Cl replaces K in cell

BZD cause hyperpolarization
erratic depolarization is caused by mania and other d/o

ANCC Boards (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions