Basal Ganglia

Question 1

What are the different components of the basal ganglia?

Answer 1

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, claustrom, amygdaloid nucleus. ASSOCIATED: Substantia nigra, amygdaloid nucleus

Question 2

What is the basal ganglia’s function?

Answer 2

• -MOTOR. Refine movements (suppress competing movements). Does not initiate. Adjust movement. Role in learned reflect control. Automatic movements.
• -Memory, emotions, cognitive and linguistic functions.

Question 3

dyskinesia

Answer 3

Abnormal movements of chorea, athetosis, ballism, tremor

Lesion: substantia nigra

Question 4

bradykinesia

Answer 4

slowness of movement owing to a decrease in spontaneity

Lesion: substantia nigra

Question 5

hypokinesia

Answer 5

quick movements of smaller range

Lesion: substantia nigra

Question 6

akinesia

Answer 6

impaired movement initiation

Lesion: substantia nigra

Question 7

How many major loops/circuit of the basal ganglia are there?

Answer 7

4

Question 8

What are the nuclei in the striatum?

Answer 8

caudate nucleus, putamen

Question 9

How does the striatum inhibit activity?

Answer 9

GABAergic projections

Question 10

What are the neurotransmitters involved in Basal Ganglia function?

Answer 10

glutamate, dopamine, acetylcholine, GABA, enkephalin, substance P

Question 11

The indirect pathway ________s movement. The direct pathway ________s movement.

Answer 11

inhibits; facilitates

Question 12

What are some of the most used treatments for Parkinsons?

Answer 12

Medication (dopamine supplementation), Deep brain stimulation

Question 13

Athetosis

Answer 13

Constant slow twisting movements in muscles of upper extremeties
Lesion: globus pallidus and corpus striatum (putamen)

Question 14

Ballism

Answer 14

Wild swinging movements that typically involve one side of the body
Lesion: subthalamic nucleus

Question 15

Chorea

Answer 15

Rhythmic and quick involuntary movements of the muscles in proximal extremities
Lesion: striatum (primarily caudate nucleus)

Question 16

Tremor

Answer 16

Rhythmic pill-rolling movements of fingers at rest accompanied by akinesia and rigidity
Lesion: substantia nigra

Question 17

Parkinson disease

Answer 17

degeneration of the secretory cells in substantia nigra leading to dopamine deficiency

Question 18

Huntington chorea

Answer 18

striatal degeneration

Question 19

wilson diease

Answer 19

hepatolenticular degeneration subsequent to impaired copper metabolism. Symptoms: muscular rigidity, tremor, dysarthritic speech, progressive dementia, corneal pigmentation

Question 20

progressive supranuclear palsy

Answer 20

movement disorder caused by cellular death in the brainstem. Shares many symptoms w/ parkinson’s, NO TREMOR. Loss of voluntary eye movements.

Question 21

tardive dyskinesia

Answer 21

involuntary movements of the oral facial muscles subsequent to a long term use of psychotropic (dopaminergic antagonistic) medications

Question 22

lentiform nucleus

Answer 22

putamen and globus pallidus