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Extras > Bailey: Intro 2 Infec. and Struc. > Flashcards

Bailey: Intro 2 Infec. and Struc. Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterial responses to O2:

  • ___ ____- must have O2 to grow
  • ___ ____-cannot tolerate O2
  • ___ ____-can grow w/ or w/out O2 (most medically important bacteria)
A

strict aerobes
obligate anaerobes
facultative anaerobes

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2
Q

Microbes that can grow w/ limited nutrients?

A

oligotrophs

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3
Q

Microbes that require some O2, but lower levels of O2?

A

microaerophiles

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4
Q

Microbes that grow well in mild temps (body temps)?

A

mesophiles

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5
Q

True or False:

Gram neg and Gram pos both have lipid membranes and Murein (peptidoglycan)

A

TRUE

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6
Q

Structure of Murein:

-cross linked peptides attached to N-_______ acid giving it strength

A

acetylmuramic

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7
Q

Structure of Murein: (Peptidoglycan)

-alternating N-______ acid and N-_______ acid

A

acetylmuramic

acetylglucosamine

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8
Q

Structure of Murein:

Gram pos binds _____ to D-ala

A

L-lys

-immune system knows the difference by pattern recognition receptors

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9
Q

Structure of Murein:

Gram neg binds _____ to D-ala

A

DAP

-immune system knows the difference by pattern recognition receptors

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10
Q

Biosynthesis of Murein begins in the ______

A

cytoplasm

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11
Q

Linking/connecting NAM to NAG takes place in the ______

A

periplasm

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12
Q

LPS (lipidpolysaccharide) is only on Gram ___

-the outer most lipid layer

A

negative

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13
Q

Teichoic acid is only on Gram ___

A

positive

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14
Q

Teichoic acid helps what?

A

rigidity

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15
Q

Lipoteichoic acid helps does what?

A

interacts with the cell membrane

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16
Q

Structure of LPS: Lipopolysaccaride

  • ____ __= fatty acid attached to a phophorylated disaccaride(only in bac)
  • _____ ____= very similar btw Gm neg bac but has sugars that are somewhat unique to bac
  • ___ ____=highly variable repeating sugar subunits
A

lipid A
polysaccharide core
o-antigen

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17
Q

What is the main reason for the different antigenic specificities among Gm neg bacteria?

A

o-antigen

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18
Q

LPS induces _____ (localized but can become systemic at high levels) and can lead to septic shock at high levels (_____)

A

TNF-alpha

endotoxin

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19
Q

LPS, Teichoic acids, and peptidoglycan are examples of ____

A

PAMPs

20
Q

Cells of the immune system recognize PAMPs using ____

A

PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)

21
Q

Toll-like receptor 4 recognizes ____

A

LPS

22
Q

Toll-like receptor 2 recognizes ___

A

peptidoglycan

23
Q

Toll-like receptor 2 and 6 together recognize ____

A

teichoic acids

24
Q

Pili (fimbriae)- involved in the ____ of bac to cells other surfaces on host
-_____(on tip of fimbriae)= specialized proteins that are more specifically developed for adherence (recognizes receptors on host which increases affinity)

A

attachment

adhesins

25
Q

____ ___= pili with hollow tubes to pass genetic info to another bac (plasmids= antibiotic resistance)

A

sex pili

26
Q

Type of flagella with one tail?

A

monotrichous

27
Q

Type of flagella with a few tails at end?

A

lophotrichous

28
Q

Type of flagella with many tails all over?

A

peritrichous

29
Q

Flagella moving in a forward (CCW) movement ____

A

runs

30
Q

Flagella moving in a backwards (CW) movement ____

A

tumbles

31
Q

When flagella movement is directed it is what?

A

taxis

-they are motile

32
Q

___ can be directed toward something good or away from something bad

A

taxis

33
Q

_____= a substance that surrounds a cell
_____= it is a type of what is listed above that is well organized and firmly attached to the cell
_____=it is a type of what is listed above that is not well organized or firmly attached to a cell

A

glycocalyx
capsule (usually made of PS but can be MS or glycoproteins)
slime layer

34
Q

These are beneficial to pathogens because they cause them to become large/bulky

  • make is hard to recognize and for macrophages to phagocytos bac
  • masks things the immune system cannot recognize
A

capsules

-sometimes necessary virulence factor

35
Q

Can the immune system ever recognize a bac that has a capsule?

A

yes

36
Q

Toll-like receptor ____ recognizes flagella

(sometimes the capsular polysaccharide can be recognized)

A

5

37
Q

What happens when the immune system recognizes a microbe?

A

macrophages produce and release cytokines (which recruit more)

38
Q

Serological designations:

-o antigen refers to what?

A

Gm negative

39
Q

Serological designations:

-H antigen refers to what?

A

motile (flagellum)

40
Q

Serological designations:

-K antigen refers to what?

A

capsules

41
Q

Bacterial Pathogens can be classified into 2 broad classes. What are they?

A 
opportunistic= rarely cause disease in healthy ppl
primary= infection/disease in healthy ppl by adhere, colonize, invade, induce damage
42
Q

What type of adherence does primary pathogens use?

A

specific adherence= irreversible/anchoring

–adhesins (usually found on fimbrae)

43
Q

Why does streptococcus mutans only bind to tooth pellicles?

A

its adhesin (glucosyl transferase) binds to a specific salvitary protein in pellicle formation

44
Q

An example of an adhesin not found on fimbrae but that is a complex glycoproetin commonly found in plasma and associated w/ mucosal surfaces?

A

fibronectin= bind by teicholic acids

45
Q

_____ is the formation of stable population of microbes

  • -is needed to replicate
  • -limited by nutrient availability
A 
colonization
=must bring in nutrients
1. carrier mediated diffusion
2. phosphorylation linked transport
3. active transport
46
Q

-
-

A
  • when they colonize (E coli)
  • when they invade (salmonella)
  • producing toxin after colonization (E coli)

Extras (24 decks)

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