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Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

What stain used for Legionella?

A

Silver stain

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2
Q

How is Treponema visualized?

A

dark-field microscopy and fluorescent antibody staining

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3
Q

Intracellular bugs that are hard to stain?

A

Rickettsia, Chlamydia

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4
Q

How is Mycobacteria stained?

A

Acid-Fast stain due to high lipid conent; mycolic acids in cell wall detected by carbofuchsin

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5
Q

What is missing from mycoplasma?

A

cell wall

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6
Q

What bugs use a Giemsa stain?

A

Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience

Chlamydia, Borrelia, Rickettsia, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium

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7
Q

What does PAS (period-acid schiff) stain?

A

stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides

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8
Q

What is PAS used to diagnose?

A

Whipple disease - Tropheryma whipplei

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9
Q

What is India Ink used to stain?

A

Crypotcoccus neoformans (mucicarmine can also be used to stain thick polysaccharide capsule red)

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10
Q

What is Silver stain use for?

A

Legionella, Fungi (pneumocystis), helicobacter pylori

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11
Q

what bacterial structure protects against phagocytosis?

A

capsule (organized, discrete polysaccharide layer, except in Bacillus anthracia, contains D-glutamate)

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12
Q

what helps with binding to foreign surfaces?

A

glycocalyx (loose network of polysaccharides)

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13
Q

What composes the outer membrane?

A

endotoxin - Lipopolysaccharide (LPS); major suface antigen

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14
Q

where are beta-lactamases contained?

A

in the periplasmic space between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane

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15
Q

in what bugs is periplasmic space present?

A

gram-negative bacteria

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16
Q

What agar do use for H. flu?

A

chocolate agar

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17
Q

what agar do use for Neisseria species?

A

Thayer-Martin

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18
Q

what agar for B. pertussis?

A

Bordet-Gengou agar OR Regan-Lowe medium

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19
Q

what agar for C. diphtheriae?

A

Tellurite agar, Loffler medium

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20
Q

what agar for M. tuberculosis?

A

Lowenstein-Jensen agar

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21
Q

what agar for Mycoplasma pneumonia?

A

Eaton agar

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22
Q

what agar for Lactose-fermenting enterics?

A

MacConkey agar (colonies turn pink because of fermented acid)

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23
Q

what agar for E. coli?

A

Eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar (colonies with green metallic sheen)

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24
Q

what agar for Legionella?

A

charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron

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25
what agar for fungi?
Sabouraud agar
26
Examples of Anaerobes and properties?
Fusobacterium, Clostridium, Bacteroides, Actinomyces lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase and susceptible to oxidative damage FOUL SMELLING
27
What antibiotic does NOT work against anaerobes?
Aminoglycosides (require O2 to get into bacteria)
28
What are the obligate intracellular bugs?
Rickettsia, Chalmydia, Coxiella
29
What are the facultative intracellular bugs?
Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY ``` Salmonella Neisseria Brucella Mycobacterium Listeria Francisella Legionella Yersinia pestis ```
30
what are encapsulated bacteria?
SHiNE SKiS ``` Strep pneumo H. flu Neisseria meningitidis E. coli Salmonella Klebsiella group b Strep ```
31
what of encapsulated bacteria have vaccines?
strep pneumo, H. flu, N. meningitidis
32
how are encapsulated bacteria cleared?
opsonized and then cleared by the spleen
33
what are urease + bugs?
CHuck norris hates PUNKSS ``` Cryptococcus H. pylori Proteus Ureaplasma Nocardia Klebsiella S. epidermidis S. saprophyticus ```
34
what are catalase + bugs?
CATs Need PLACESS to hide ``` CAT = catalase + Nocardia Pseudomonas Listeria Aspergillus Candida E. coli Staphylococci Seratia ```
35
What pigment does Actinomyces produce?
yellow sulfur granules
36
what pigment does S. aureus produce?
yellow pigment (aureus = gold)
37
what pigment does Pseudomonas produce?
blue-green pigment
38
what pigment does Serratia marcescens produce?
red pigment (maraschino cherry)
39
what bug expresses protein A and what is function?
staph aureus and to prevent opsonization and phagocytosis
40
what bugs express IgA protease?
SHiN strep pneumo H. flu Neisseria to help colonize mucosa
41
What bug expresses M protein and what is purpose?
group A strep ``` prevent phagocytosis (molecular mimicry) possible mech associated with rheumatic fever and autoimmune response ```
42
what exotoxin does C. diphtheriae produce?
diphtheria toxin
43
what does diphtheria toxin do?
inactivates elongation factor (EF-2)
44
How does diphtheria manifest?
``` pharyngitis with pseudomembranes in throat severe lymphadenopathy (bull neck) ```
45
what exotoxin does Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce?
exotoxin A
46
what does exotoxin A do?
inactivates elongation factor (EF-2)
47
what does exotoxin A cause?
host cell death
48
what two exotoxins inhibit elongation factor (EF-2)?
``` diphtheria toxin (C. diphtheriae) exotoxin A (P. aeruginosa) ```
49
what exotosin does Shigella produce?
Shiga toxin
50
what does shiga toxin do?
inactivates the 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA
51
how does Shigella present?
Gi mucosal damage --> dysentery | ST also enhances cytokine release, causing hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)
52
what bugs can cause HUS?
Shigella, EHEC serotype O157:H7
53
what exotoxin does enterohemorrhagic E. coli produce?
Shiga-like toxin (SLT)
54
how does Shiga-like toxin work?
inhibits the 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA
55
how does enterohemorrhagic E. coli present?
SLT enhances cytokine release, causing HUS (protypically in EHEC serotype O157:H7 EHEC does NOT invade host cells
56
what exotoxin does Entertoxogenic E. coli produce?
heat-labile toxin (LT) or heat-stabile toxin (ST)
57
how does heat-labile toxin work? | how does heat-stable toxin work?
LT - overactivates adenylate cyclase (increase cAMP) --> increased Cl- secretion in gut and water efflux ST - overactivates guanylyl cyclase (increase cGMP) --> decreased reabsorption of NaCl and water in gut
58
How does ETEC present?
watery diarrhea
59
What exotoxin does B. anthracis produce?
Edema toxin
60
How does edema toxin work?
mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme (increase cAMP)
61
How does Bacillus anthracis present?
characteristic edematous borders of black eschars in cutaneous anthrax
62
What exotoxin does vibrio cholerae produce?
cholera toxin
63
how does cholera toxin work?
overactivates adenylate cyclase (increase cAMP) which permanently activates Gs --> increased Cl- secretion in gut and H2O efflux
64
how does cholera present?
voluminous "rice-water" diarrhea
65
what exotoxin does Bordetella pertussis produce?
Pertussis toxin
66
how does pertussis toxin work?
overactivates adenylate cycle (increase cAMP) by disabling Gi, impairing phagocytosis to permit survival of microbe
67
how does pertussis present?
WHOOPING COUGH | - cough on expiration and whoop on inspiration
68
What exotoxin does Clostridium tetani produce? | What exotoxin does Clostridium botulinum produce?
Tetanospasmin toxin | Botulinum toxin
69
How does tetanospasmin and botulinum work?
proteases that cleave SNARE (which are normally required for NT release)
70
How does tetanus present?
spasticity risus sardonicus "lockjaw" Toxin prevents release of inhibitory (GABA and glycine) NTs from Renshaw cells in spinal cord
71
How does botulism present?
Flaccid paralysis, floppy baby toxin prevents release of stimulatory (ACh) signals at neuromuscular junction --> flaccid paralysis
72
What exotoxin does Clostridium perfringens produce?
Alpha toxin
73
How does alpha toxin work?
phospholipase (lecithinase) that degrades tissue and cell membranes
74
how does C. perfringens present?
degradation of phospholipids --> myonecrosis ("gas gangrene") and hemolysis ("double zone") on blood agar
75
what toxin does strep pyogenes produce?
streptolysin O | exotoxin A
76
how does streptolysin O work? | how does exotoxin A work?
protein that degrades cell membrane binds to MCH II and TCR outside of antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IL-1, IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha --> shock
77
How does S. pyogenes present?
lyses RBCS; contributes to beta-hemolysis host antibodies against streptolysin used to diagnose rheumatic fever with exotoxin A --> toxic shock syndrome: fever, rash, shock
78
What exotoxin does Staph aureus produce?
Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1)
79
how does TSST-1 work?
binds to MCH II and TCR outside of antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IL-1, IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha --> shock
80
what endotoxin is the most toxic?
LPS found on gram-negative bacteria
81
what does LPS endotoxin cause systemically?
ENDOTOXIN ``` Edema Nitric oxide DIC/Death Outer membrane Tnf-alpha O-antigen Xtremely heat stable Il-1 Neutrophil chemotaxis ```
82
How to determine between Staphylococci using Novobiocin
Saprophyticus is resistant | Epidermidis is sensitive
83
How to determine between Streptococci using Optochin
Viridans is resistant | pneumonia is sensitive
84
How to determine between Streptococci using Bacitracin
group B strep are resistant | group A strep are sensitive
85
alpha-hemolytic bacteria
green ring around colonies on blood agar | S. pneumo or viridans strep
86
What are S. pneumo staining findings?
Gram + Catalase - Alpha-hemolytic Optochin sensitive
87
What are Viridans Strep staining findings?
Gram + Catalse - Alpha-hemolytic Optochin resistant
88
Beta-hemolytic bacteria
clear area of hemolysis S. aureus, Listeria S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae - differentiate these two via bacitracin
89
what are S. aureus staining findings?
Gram + Catalase + Coagulase + Beta-hemolytic
90
What are S. pyogenes staining findings?
Gram + Catalase - beta-hemolytic Bacitracin sensitive
91
What are S. agalactiae staining findings?
Gram + Catalase - beta-hemolytic Bacitracin resistant
92
Listeria presentation?
tumbling motility meningitis in newborns unpasteurized milk

STEP 1 (26 decks)

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