Bacterial Zoonoses Flashcards by Rachel Kopicki

what is the vector for Bacillus anthracis?

NO VECTOR (usually)

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What is the vector for Francisella tularensis?

ticks, mosquitos, deer flies

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What is the vector for Brucella ?

NO vector

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What is the vector for Yersinia pestis?

fleas

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What is the vector for Bartonella henselae?

fleas, ticks

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What is the pathogenesis of Bacillus anthracis?

infected mammals die and spores are released into soil which gets picked up by other live mammals or humans.

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Three types of anthrax?

1- cutaneous (most common)
2- inhalation
3- GI

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How does cutaneous anthrax present?

small sore–>blister–> skin ulcer with a black area in the center
Usually significant edema
Blister and ulcer do not hurt

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How does GI anthrax present?

nausea, loss of appetite, bloody diarrhea, and fever, followed by bad stomach pain

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How does Inhalation anthrax present?

cold or flu symptoms and can include a sore throat, mild fever and muscle aches. Later symptoms include cough, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, tiredness and muscle aches.

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Association Card for anthrax

spore in dirt
dying cattle 
no vector
cutaneous, GI, inhaled
painless black eschar with edema
GPR on culture of lesion 
tx: cipro, doxy

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Francisella Tularemia: gram ______, _____ shaped, how does it deal with oxygen?

gram negative
rod
aerobic

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List the five forms of tularemia

ulceroglandular (most common)
glandular
oculoglandular
oropharyngeal
pneumonic

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What is the most serious form of tularemia?

pneumonic - from inhaling dusts of aerosols. sx= cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing
*can be fatal

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what form(s) of tularemia are generally acquired via a tick or deer fly bite?

ulceroglandular, glandular

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What are some of the other exposures that can lead to tularemia?

inhaling dust or aerosols from farming or landscaping, mowing over infected carcasses –> pneumonic type

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T/F: brucella has only one species?

FALSE: many species of brucella that naturally infect a variety of animals

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What signs in cattle might indicate a brucella infection?

third trimester abortions, retained placenta, endometritis, birth of dead or weak calves, low milk yield

Brucella transmission to humans

contact with conjunctiva or broken skin with infected tissues
ingestion (raw milk, undercooked meat)
inhalation of infectious materials

What is the incubation period for brucella?

5 days to 3 months

How does brucella present?

affects any and all organ systems

notable for cyclical fever!

Name that bug:

cyclic fever + orchitis + cow exposure

brucella

list the complications of brucella1

osteoarticular (sponylitis, osteomyelitis)
hepatomegaly/splenomegaly
GI complications
GU (orchitis, epididymitis)
neuro (depression, mental fatigue) 
cardio (endocarditis)

How do you diagnose brucella?

culture, serum agglutination test, immunofluorescence, PCR

How do you treat brucella?

doxy x 6 wks | recovery is common but a small amoutn will relapse

What is the incubation period for yersinia pestis?

1-6 days

What are three types of plague?

bubonic pneumonic septicemic

how does bubonic plague present?

rapid onset feverand painful swollen tender lymph nodes, usually inguinal, axillary, or cervical

how does pneumonic plague present?

high fever, overwhelming pneumonia, cough, bloody sputum, chills

how does septicemic plague present?

fever, prostration, hemorrhagic or thrombotic phenomena, acral gangrene (terminal digits)

yersinia pestis is gram ______. treated with:

gram negative | tx: parenteral abx with streptomycin (gentamycin, and doxy are backup)

cat scratch fever is caused by________

bartonella henselae

what is primary infection with bartonella caused?

croyo fever

What is the most common exposure that leads to bartonella infection?

people under 21 y.o. with kittens - scratches or bites or contact with fleas

What are the symptoms of cat scratch fever?

fever, enlarged tender lymph nodes 1-2 wks after exposure papule or pustule at site of inoculation granulomatous conjunctivitis, neuroretinitis, atypical pneumonia, endocarditis

how does bartonella present in immunocompromised people?

Bacillary angiomatosis (B. henselae or B. quintana) HIV pts sx: skin, subcutaneous or bone lesions

What are the common pathogens associated with dog bites?

capnocytophaga canimorsus | pasteurella multocida

What are the common pathogens associated with cat bites?

*pasteurella multocida bartonella henselae francisella tularensis capnocytophaga canimorsus

how does pasteurella multocida present?

evidence of wound infection within a few hours of a bite injury, scratch or lick. Cellulitis or abscesses +/- bacteremia Occasional pneumonia and endocarditis Other: metastatic seeding of internal organs from bacteremia. CNS: meningitis (rare), most often in young children or the elderly A cause of rapidly progressive infections similar to Group A Streptococcus or Vibrio patient may present within a few hours of a cat bite with established severe infection

How do you treat pasteurella multocida?

Amoxicillin/clavulanate , Ampicillin/-sulbactam, Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, doxycycline First generation cephalosporins, cloxacillin, erythromycin and clindamycin NOT effective

capnocytophaga canimorsus is _________ anaerobic, gram _______, _____ shaped.

facultative anaerobic gram negative rod

What is the natural habitat of capnocytophaga canimorsus?

normal flora of cat and dog

capnocytophaga canimorsus presentation:

history of dog bite or scratch, less commonly in cats Cellulitis Bacteremia/sepsis Meningitis and endocarditis (rare) Severe: shock, DIC, acral gangrene, disseminated purpura, renal failure, meningitis and pulmonary infiltrates Fulminant sepsis following dog > cat bites, particularly in asplenic patients, alcoholics or immunosuppressed

capnocytophaga canimorsus treatment:

Mild Cellulitis /Dog or Cat Bites Preferred : Amoxicillin/clavulanate Alternative: Clindamycin, doxycycline Severe Cellulitis /Sepsis Penicillin G 2-4 mU q 4h IV or Clindamycin 600mg IV q 8h. Alternative : Ceftriaxone 1-2q IV qd, ciprofloxacin 400mg IV q12h or meropenem 1g IV q8h. Prevention Asplenic patients - amoxicillin/clavulanate for 7-10d