Bacterial Fine Structures, Functions and Synthesis

Question 1

General term for any network of polysaccharide containing material extending outside of the cell.

Answer 1

Glycocalyx

Question 2

Closely associated with cells and does not wash off easily

Answer 2

Capsule

Question 3

Zone of more diffuse, unorganized material and is easily washed away.

Answer 3

Slime layer

Question 4

It constitutes 50-90% of the dry weight of the wall and are thicker and stronger than those gram-negative bacteria.

Answer 4

Periplasm or Peptidoglycan

Question 5

It consists primarily of an alcohol and phosphate.

Answer 5

Teichoic acid

Question 6

Covalently linked to peptidogylcan

Answer 6

Wall teichoic acid

Question 7

Covalently linked to membrane glycolipid and concentrated in mesosomes.

Answer 7

Membrane teichoic acid/Lipoteichoic acid

Question 8

It is a bi-layered structure and external to the peptidoglycan

Answer 8

Outer membrane

Question 9

Murein lipoproteins seemingly attach to the peptidoglycan by their protein portion and to the outer membrane by their lipid component.

Answer 9

Lipoprotein

Question 10

A structural component that is unique to the gram negative outer membrane

Answer 10

Lipopolysaccharide

Question 11

Composed of a overlapping lattice of 2 sugars that are cross-linked by amino acid bridges.

Answer 11

Cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis

Question 12

NAM, AMA, or MurNAc

Answer 12

only found in the CELL WALLS of bacteria

Question 13

• It is a typical unit membrane, composed of phospholipids and proteins.
• It can only be seen with electron microscope

Answer 13

Cell membrane

Question 14

FUNCTIONS OF THE CELL MEMBRANE

Answer 14

1. Semipermeable membrane
2. Housing enzymes
3. Housing many sensory and chemotaxis proteins
4. Generation of chemical energy
5. Cell motility
6. Mediation of chromosomal segregation during replication

Question 15

• Slender threadlike portion, long, hollow, helical filaments
• It originates in the bacterial protoplasm and is extruded through the cell wall

Answer 15

Flagella

Question 16

Protein subunit of the flagellum that carries H-antigen specificity.

Answer 16

Flagellin

Question 17

Longest and most obvious portion which extend from the cell surface to the tip.

Answer 17

Filament

Question 18

It is a short, curved segment which links the filament to its basal body and functions as universal joint between the basal body and the filament.

Answer 18

Hook

Question 19

It is embedded in the cell wall.

Answer 19

Basal body

Question 20

4 rings connected to a central rod.

Answer 20

L, P, S, and M

Question 21

Single polar flagellum

Answer 21

Monotrichous

Question 22

Example of Monotrichous?

Answer 22

Cholera vibrio

Question 23

Single flagellum at both ends

Answer 23

Amphitrichous

Question 24

Example of Amphitrichous?

Answer 24

Alcaligenes faecalis

Question 25

Tuft of flagella at one or both ends?

Answer 25

Lophotrichous

Question 26

Flagella surrounding the cell

Answer 26

Peritrichous

Question 27

Example of Lophotrichous?

Answer 27

Spirilla

Question 28

Example of Peritrichous?

Answer 28

Typhoid bacili

Question 29

During flagellar synthesis, when the flagellum is cut off it will regenerate until reaches a maximum length. As this occurs the growth is from the base. T OR F

Answer 29

FALSE The growth is NOT from the BASE, but from the TIP

Question 30

- Short, fine, hair like surface appendages - Shorter and thinner than flagella - They occur in non-motile, as well as in motile strains.

Answer 30

Pili or Fimbria

Question 31

Structural subunits of pili or fimbria?

Answer 31

Pilins

Question 32

Fimbriae do not function in motility but are thought to be important in attachment to surfaces or at least in cells sticking together. T or F

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

Fimbriae function as organs of adhesions that allow attachment of a bacterial cell to other cells or surfaces.

Answer 33

Ordinary (common) pili

Question 34

- Longer and fewer in number than other fimbriae - Genetically determined by sex factors or conjugative plasmid and appear to be involved in the transfer of DNA during conjugation.

Answer 34

Sex pili

Question 35

Viscous watery solution or soft gel cell material bounded by the cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 35

Cytoplasm

Question 36

3 areas in cytoplasm?

Answer 36

1. Cytoplasmic area - granular 2. Chromatinic area 3. Fluid portion - contain inclusion and vacuoles

Question 37

- Small, electron-dense particles in the cytoplasmic region - It is the location for all bacterial protein synthesis

Answer 37

Ribosomes

Question 38

Most genes encode proteins here.

Answer 38

mRNA

Question 39

Also central to translation and provide the site at which translation occurs.

Answer 39

rRNA

Question 40

It transfers the genetic information carried in the mRNA into functional proteins.

Answer 40

tRNA

Question 41

- These are not permanent or essential structures, and may be absent under certain conditions of growth. - It is usually for storage and reduce osmotic pressure by tying up molecules in particulate form.

Answer 41

Intracytoplasmic inclusions

Question 42

It function as storage for reservoirs for phosphate, highly refractive, strongly basophilic bodies consisting of polymetaphosphate.

Answer 42

Metachromatic or volutin granules

Question 43

The nuclear DNA is associated with BASIC PROTEIN. T OR F

Answer 43

False DNA IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH BASIC PROTEIN

Question 44

Uses of spores:

Answer 44

1. Importance in food, industrial and medical technology 2. Sterilization control 3. Research

Question 45

It is the spore protoplast containing the normal cell structures but is metabolically inactive.

Answer 45

Core

Question 46

- Innermost layer surrounding the inner spore membrane - It contains normal peptidoglycan

Answer 46

Spore wall

Question 47

Thickest layer of the spore envelope.

Answer 47

Cortex

Question 48

Enclosed by fairly thick spore coat.

Answer 48

Spore coat

Question 49

Additional rather loose covering that have distinctive ridges and grooves.

Answer 49

Exosporium

Question 50

Newly replicated bacterial chromosome and a small portion of cytoplasm are isolated by an ingrowth of the plasma membrane called?

Answer 50

Spore septum

Question 51

Double layered membrane that surrounds the chromosome and cytoplasm.

Answer 51

Forespore

Question 52

Finally exosporium disintegrates and the endospore is freed.

Answer 52

Free endospore