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Step Nuggets > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Name the bugs which have capsules.

A

Some Killers Have Pretty Nice Slimey Capsules

Strep. pneumo
Klebseilla pneumo
H. influenza
Pseudomonas
Neisseria meningitidis
Salmonella
Cryptococcus neoformans
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2
Q

List the catalase positive bugs.

A

Staph ‘N Enterobacteriaceae Are Listed Catalase Positive

Staph
Nocardia
Enterobacteriaceae
Aspergillus
Listeria
Candida
Pseudomonas
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3
Q

List the urease positive bugs.

A

K PUNCH

Klebsiella

Proteus
Ureaplasma
Nocardia
Cryptococcus
Helicobacter pylori
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4
Q

Name the bacteria which can form spores.

A

Clostridium and Bacillus

Recall spores are the only place with: Calcium dipicolinate, dipicolinic acid synthetase

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5
Q

Bacteria with gray/black pigment.

A

C. diphtheriae

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6
Q

Bacteria with yellow-orange pigment.

A

Mycobacteria

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7
Q

Bacteria with green/blue pigment.

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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8
Q

Bacteria with red pigment.

A

Serratia

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9
Q

Bacteria with yellow-gold pigment.

A

Staph aureus

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10
Q

Name the obligate aerobes.

A
  • Bacillus
  • Corynebacterium
  • Mycobacterium
  • Nocardia
  • Pseudomonas
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11
Q

Name the obligate anaerobes.

A
  • Actinomyces
  • Bacteroides
  • Clostridium
  • Fusobacterium
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12
Q

Infections that cross the placenta.

A

ToRCHHeS

Toxoplamsa gondii
Rubella
CMV
Herpes simplex 2
HIV
Syphilis
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13
Q

Zoonotic Anaplamsa infection

A

Anaplasmosis

Ixodes tick

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14
Q

Zoonotic Bartonella sp

A

Cat scratch disease

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15
Q

zoonotic Borrelia

A

Lyme Disease

Ixodes tick

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16
Q

zoonotic Brucella

A

Brucellosis / undulant fever

unpasturized dairy, veterinarians

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17
Q

zoonotic Campylobacter

A

bloody diarrhea

puppies, livestock, undercooked meat and poultry

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18
Q

zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci

A

Psittacosis

birds, parrots

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19
Q

zoonotic Coxiella burnetti

A

Q fever

aerosols of cattle/sheep amniotic fluid

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20
Q

zoonotic Ehrlichia chaffeensis

A

Ehrlichiosis

Lone Star ticks

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21
Q

zoonotic Francisella tularensis

A

Tularemia

Ticks, rabbits, deer fly

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22
Q

zoonotic Leptospira

A

Leptospirosis

Animal urine

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23
Q

zoonotic Mycobacterium leprae

A

Leprosy

humans with leprosy and armadillos

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24
Q

zoonotic Pasteurella multocida

A

cellulitis, osteomyelitis

after dog and cat bites

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25
Q

zoonotic Rickettsia prowazekii

A 
epidemic typhus (pro-war, war time, trenches)
Louse vector
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26
Q

zoonotic Rickettsia rickettsii

A

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Dermacentor tick

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27
Q

zoonotic Rickettsia typhi

A

Endemic typhus

Flea vector

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28
Q

zoonotic Yersinia pestis

A

bubobonic plague

Fleas (from rats and prairie dogs)

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29
Q

Bacteria with sterols in the membrane and no cell wall

A

Mycoplasma

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30
Q

Bacteria with mycolic acids in the membrane

A

Mycobacteria

31
Q

Bugs that don’t gram stain well

A

These Microbes May Lack Real Color

Treponema (too small, dark field)
Mycobacteria (really thick cell wall, acid fast stain)
Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
Legionella (intracellular; use silver stain)
Chlamydia (intracellular parasite; lacks muramic acid)

32
Q

Giemsa Stain

A

Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience

Chlamydia
Borrelia
Rickettsiae
Trypanosomes
Plasmodium
33
Q

PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff)

A

Stains glycogen and sugars

Use for Tropheryma whipplei

34
Q

Ziehl-Neelson (carbol fuchsin)

A

Acid-Fast

Nocardia and mycobacteria

35
Q

Chocolate agar with Factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin)

A

H influenzae

36
Q

Thayer-Martin VPN agar

A

Neisseria

37
Q

Bordet-Gengou agar

A

B pertussis

38
Q

Tellurite agar, Loffler medium

A

C diphtheriae

39
Q

Lowenstein Jensen Agar

A

M tuberculosis

40
Q

Eaton agar, requires cholesterol

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

41
Q

Pink colonies on MacConkey agar

A

lactose fermenting enterics

42
Q

Charcoal yeast extract agar with cysteine and iron

A

Legionella

43
Q

Obligate intracellular bacteria

A

Rickettsia, Chlamydia

Both need to steal ATP

44
Q

Facultative intracellular bacteria

A

Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY

Salmonella
Neisseria
Brucella
Mycobacterium
Listeria
Francisella
Legionella
Yersina pestis
45
Q

Protein A

A

expressed by staph aureus

binds the Fc region of IgG, preventing opsinization and phagocytosis

46
Q

IgA protease

A

Strep pneumo, H flu B, Neisseria
enzyme that cleaves IgA

Notice it’s the same list as the bad capsular bacteria. That has nothing to do with the IgA protease, but one less list to memorize

47
Q

M protein

A

Group A Strep

prevents phagocytosis

48
Q

Diphthera toxin

A

ADP ribosylates EF-2, preventing translocation and stopping protein synthesis

49
Q

Exotoxin A (not the exotoxin)

A

Pseudomonas

ADP ribosylates EF-2 preventing translocation and stopping protein synthesis

50
Q

Shiga toxin / Shiga-like toxin

A

Shigella / EHEC

inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenosine for the rRNA

51
Q

Heat labile toxin (LT)

A

ETEC

overactivates adenylate cyclase (ADP ribosylation) increasing cAMP causing Cl secretion and water loss

52
Q

Heat stable toxin (ST)

A

ETEC

overactivates guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP causing decreased absorption of NaCl and water

53
Q

Edema factor

A

Bacillus anthracis

mimics adenylate cyclase, increasing cAMP

54
Q

Cholera toxin

A

Vibrio cholera
activates adenylate cyclase, increasing cAMP by permanently activating Gs (ADP ribosylation): secretes Cl and massive water efflux

55
Q

Pertussis toxin

A

Bordetella pertussis
increases cAMP by disabling the Gi unit (ADP ribosylation)
inhibits phagocyte function

56
Q

Tetanospasmin

A

C tetani

cleaves SNARE proteins required for inhibitory NT release -> rigid paralysis

57
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

c botulinum

cleaves SNARE proteins required for stimulatory (ACh) NT release -> flaccid paralysis

58
Q

Alpha toxin

A

C perfringens
lecithinase that degrades membranes and tissues
leads to gas gangrene and ‘zone of double hemolysis’ on blood agar

59
Q

Streptolysin O

A

Strep pyogenes
degrades the cell membrane; lyses RBCs -> beta hemolytic
antibodies are the basis of rheumatic fever

60
Q

Name the two important superantigens and their sources and mechanism

A

Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST1) - Staph aureus
Exotoxin A - strep pyogenes

bring MHCII and TCR close enough to activate each other without actually binding the receptors -> no specificity, all macrophages are activated leading to a massive cytokine storm

61
Q

Cytokines released in toxic shock syndrome

A

Th releases IL-2 (stimulates more T cells) and IFN-gamma (activates macrophage)

Macrophage releases IL1, IL6 and TNF-alpha

62
Q

Endotoxin

A

LPS found on the outer membrane of gram negatives
Lipid A is the active part

Activates macrophages to release IL-1, TNF-alpha and NO
Activates complement - hypotension, edema and neutrophil chemotaxis
Activates tissue factor (Hageman factor) -> coagulation and DIC

63
Q

Toxins carried by lysogenic phages

A

LOVED CBS

Labile of ETEC
O antigen of Salmonella
Verotoxin of EHEC
Erythrogenic factor of strep A
Diphtheria toxin
Cholera toxin
Botulinum toxin
Shiga toxin
64
Q

gram positive, branching, aerobe, acid fast

A

Nocardia

65
Q

gram positive, branching, anaerobe, not acid fast

A

actinomyces

66
Q

gram positive cocci, catalase positive

A

staph spp.

67
Q

gram positive cocci, catalase negative

A

strep spp.

68
Q

coagulase positive staph

A

S aureus

69
Q

coagulase negative, novobiocin sensitive staph

A

S epidermidis

70
Q

coagulase negative, novobiocin resistant staph

A

S saprophyticus

71
Q

alpha hemolytic, optochin sensitive strep

A

Strep pneumo

72
Q

alpha hemolytic, optochin resistant strep

A

Viridans strep

73
Q

beta hemolytic, bacitracin sensitive strep

A

group A strep

74
Q

beta hemolytic, bacitracin resistant strep

A

group B strep

Step Nuggets (23 decks)

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