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Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Name the bugs which have capsules.

A

Some Killers Have Pretty Nice Slimey Capsules

Strep. pneumo
Klebseilla pneumo
H. influenza
Pseudomonas
Neisseria meningitidis
Salmonella
Cryptococcus neoformans
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2
Q

List the catalase positive bugs.

A

Staph ‘N Enterobacteriaceae Are Listed Catalase Positive

Staph
Nocardia
Enterobacteriaceae
Aspergillus
Listeria
Candida
Pseudomonas
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3
Q

List the urease positive bugs.

A

K PUNCH

Klebsiella

Proteus
Ureaplasma
Nocardia
Cryptococcus
Helicobacter pylori
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4
Q

Name the bacteria which can form spores.

A

Clostridium and Bacillus

Recall spores are the only place with: Calcium dipicolinate, dipicolinic acid synthetase

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5
Q

Bacteria with gray/black pigment.

A

C. diphtheriae

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6
Q

Bacteria with yellow-orange pigment.

A

Mycobacteria

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7
Q

Bacteria with green/blue pigment.

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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8
Q

Bacteria with red pigment.

A

Serratia

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9
Q

Bacteria with yellow-gold pigment.

A

Staph aureus

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10
Q

Name the obligate aerobes.

A
  • Bacillus
  • Corynebacterium
  • Mycobacterium
  • Nocardia
  • Pseudomonas
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11
Q

Name the obligate anaerobes.

A
  • Actinomyces
  • Bacteroides
  • Clostridium
  • Fusobacterium
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12
Q

Infections that cross the placenta.

A

ToRCHHeS

Toxoplamsa gondii
Rubella
CMV
Herpes simplex 2
HIV
Syphilis
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13
Q

Zoonotic Anaplamsa infection

A

Anaplasmosis

Ixodes tick

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14
Q

Zoonotic Bartonella sp

A

Cat scratch disease

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15
Q

zoonotic Borrelia

A

Lyme Disease

Ixodes tick

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16
Q

zoonotic Brucella

A

Brucellosis / undulant fever

unpasturized dairy, veterinarians

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17
Q

zoonotic Campylobacter

A

bloody diarrhea

puppies, livestock, undercooked meat and poultry

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18
Q

zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci

A

Psittacosis

birds, parrots

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19
Q

zoonotic Coxiella burnetti

A

Q fever

aerosols of cattle/sheep amniotic fluid

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20
Q

zoonotic Ehrlichia chaffeensis

A

Ehrlichiosis

Lone Star ticks

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21
Q

zoonotic Francisella tularensis

A

Tularemia

Ticks, rabbits, deer fly

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22
Q

zoonotic Leptospira

A

Leptospirosis

Animal urine

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23
Q

zoonotic Mycobacterium leprae

A

Leprosy

humans with leprosy and armadillos

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24
Q

zoonotic Pasteurella multocida

A

cellulitis, osteomyelitis

after dog and cat bites

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25
zoonotic Rickettsia prowazekii
``` epidemic typhus (pro-war, war time, trenches) Louse vector ```
26
zoonotic Rickettsia rickettsii
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever | Dermacentor tick
27
zoonotic Rickettsia typhi
Endemic typhus | Flea vector
28
zoonotic Yersinia pestis
bubobonic plague | Fleas (from rats and prairie dogs)
29
Bacteria with sterols in the membrane and no cell wall
Mycoplasma
30
Bacteria with mycolic acids in the membrane
Mycobacteria
31
Bugs that don't gram stain well
These Microbes May Lack Real Color Treponema (too small, dark field) Mycobacteria (really thick cell wall, acid fast stain) Mycoplasma (no cell wall) Legionella (intracellular; use silver stain) Chlamydia (intracellular parasite; lacks muramic acid)
32
Giemsa Stain
Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience ``` Chlamydia Borrelia Rickettsiae Trypanosomes Plasmodium ```
33
PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff)
Stains glycogen and sugars | Use for Tropheryma whipplei
34
Ziehl-Neelson (carbol fuchsin)
Acid-Fast | Nocardia and mycobacteria
35
Chocolate agar with Factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin)
H influenzae
36
Thayer-Martin VPN agar
Neisseria
37
Bordet-Gengou agar
B pertussis
38
Tellurite agar, Loffler medium
C diphtheriae
39
Lowenstein Jensen Agar
M tuberculosis
40
Eaton agar, requires cholesterol
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
41
Pink colonies on MacConkey agar
lactose fermenting enterics
42
Charcoal yeast extract agar with cysteine and iron
Legionella
43
Obligate intracellular bacteria
Rickettsia, Chlamydia | Both need to steal ATP
44
Facultative intracellular bacteria
Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY ``` Salmonella Neisseria Brucella Mycobacterium Listeria Francisella Legionella Yersina pestis ```
45
Protein A
expressed by staph aureus | binds the Fc region of IgG, preventing opsinization and phagocytosis
46
IgA protease
Strep pneumo, H flu B, Neisseria enzyme that cleaves IgA Notice it's the same list as the bad capsular bacteria. That has nothing to do with the IgA protease, but one less list to memorize
47
M protein
Group A Strep | prevents phagocytosis
48
Diphthera toxin
ADP ribosylates EF-2, preventing translocation and stopping protein synthesis
49
Exotoxin A (not the exotoxin)
Pseudomonas | ADP ribosylates EF-2 preventing translocation and stopping protein synthesis
50
Shiga toxin / Shiga-like toxin
Shigella / EHEC | inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenosine for the rRNA
51
Heat labile toxin (LT)
ETEC | overactivates adenylate cyclase (ADP ribosylation) increasing cAMP causing Cl secretion and water loss
52
Heat stable toxin (ST)
ETEC | overactivates guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP causing decreased absorption of NaCl and water
53
Edema factor
Bacillus anthracis | mimics adenylate cyclase, increasing cAMP
54
Cholera toxin
Vibrio cholera activates adenylate cyclase, increasing cAMP by permanently activating Gs (ADP ribosylation): secretes Cl and massive water efflux
55
Pertussis toxin
Bordetella pertussis increases cAMP by disabling the Gi unit (ADP ribosylation) inhibits phagocyte function
56
Tetanospasmin
C tetani | cleaves SNARE proteins required for inhibitory NT release -> rigid paralysis
57
Botulinum toxin
c botulinum | cleaves SNARE proteins required for stimulatory (ACh) NT release -> flaccid paralysis
58
Alpha toxin
C perfringens lecithinase that degrades membranes and tissues leads to gas gangrene and 'zone of double hemolysis' on blood agar
59
Streptolysin O
Strep pyogenes degrades the cell membrane; lyses RBCs -> beta hemolytic antibodies are the basis of rheumatic fever
60
Name the two important superantigens and their sources and mechanism
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST1) - Staph aureus Exotoxin A - strep pyogenes bring MHCII and TCR close enough to activate each other without actually binding the receptors -> no specificity, all macrophages are activated leading to a massive cytokine storm
61
Cytokines released in toxic shock syndrome
Th releases IL-2 (stimulates more T cells) and IFN-gamma (activates macrophage) Macrophage releases IL1, IL6 and TNF-alpha
62
Endotoxin
LPS found on the outer membrane of gram negatives Lipid A is the active part Activates macrophages to release IL-1, TNF-alpha and NO Activates complement - hypotension, edema and neutrophil chemotaxis Activates tissue factor (Hageman factor) -> coagulation and DIC
63
Toxins carried by lysogenic phages
LOVED CBS ``` Labile of ETEC O antigen of Salmonella Verotoxin of EHEC Erythrogenic factor of strep A Diphtheria toxin Cholera toxin Botulinum toxin Shiga toxin ```
64
gram positive, branching, aerobe, acid fast
Nocardia
65
gram positive, branching, anaerobe, not acid fast
actinomyces
66
gram positive cocci, catalase positive
staph spp.
67
gram positive cocci, catalase negative
strep spp.
68
coagulase positive staph
S aureus
69
coagulase negative, novobiocin sensitive staph
S epidermidis
70
coagulase negative, novobiocin resistant staph
S saprophyticus
71
alpha hemolytic, optochin sensitive strep
Strep pneumo
72
alpha hemolytic, optochin resistant strep
Viridans strep
73
beta hemolytic, bacitracin sensitive strep
group A strep
74
beta hemolytic, bacitracin resistant strep
group B strep

Step Nuggets (23 decks)

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