Bacteriaد.عائشة Flashcards
Brucellaspp. are Gram-……. (short rods), small, non…., non…, non….. They are ….., but some strains require 5–10% ……. for primary isolation. Brucellaspp. are ……-positive and usually …….-positive. The virulence factor is ………
negative coccobacilli
motile
sporing
capsulate
aerobic
carbon dioxide
catalase
oxidase
ability to survive and multiply intracellular in macrophage and lymph nodes.
Brucellosis is a ….. infection
zoonotic
Others name of brucellosis….
Mediterranean fever, Malta fever, gastric remittent fever, and undulant fever
most common zoonotic infection
Brucellae infection
….. with brucellosis may pass the bacteria to their baby
Breastfeedingmoms
…….this type causes most cases of human brucellosis and is mainly found in…..
B. melitensis
sheep and goats
Brucellaspp are ……. pathogens that can survive replicate within …..of the host.
facultative (intracellular parasite)
phagocytic cells
Brucellas multiply and move through the lymphatic system into the blood and results ……. within 1 to 6 weeks.
acute bacteremia
Brucellosis: Phagocytosed bacteria are carried to ….. .. and the bacteria secret ….. induce the ….., which can progress to form ……
liver, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow
protein
formation of granuloma
focal abscesses and caseation.
……… consisting of a solid and a liquid phase in the same blood culture is used for the isolation of theBrucella.
A biphasic medium (Castenda method of blood culture)
… is a very slow growing organism so the Blood culture must be incubated for a period of 6-8 weeks before discarding as culture negative.
Brucella
Antibioticscommonly used to treat brucellosis include:….
Doxycycline, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin, rifampin, bactrim, tetracycline
Pseudomonas speciesare ……., rod-shaped bacteria of the Pseudomonadaceae family, …. although some species also grow under …… it produce water soluble …… , motility is by a single or multi polar flagellum, ……. positive, ……..lactose. Classified as an …….
Gram-negative
aerobics
anaerobic conditions
pigment
oxidase catalase
non fermentation
opportunistic pathogen,
………..
account for 80 percent of opportunistic infections by pseudomonads.
Pseudomonas aeruginosaandP maltophilia P cepacia
infections caused byPseudomonas speciesinclude ……. They frequently cause …….
endocarditis, pneumonia, and infections of the urinary tract, central nervous system, wounds, eyes, ears, skin, and musculoskeletal system
nosocomial infections.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Also known as ……..
Burkholderia aeruginosa
Pseudomonas
Transmissionmainly occurs ……….
via contaminated water and food respectively.
Virulence factor………
Produce pigment (Most strains ofP. aeruginosaproduce one or more pigments, including ……..
Pyocyanin pigment (………
Pili (adhesin), LPS (endotoxin activity), (capsule antiphagocytic), (Produce exotoxin A: inhibit protein synthesis, and produce tissue necrosis). (Produce collagenase and hyalodiasis (hyaluronic acid), (elastase destroying elastic fibers and blood vessel walls).
pyocyanin (blue-green), pyoverdine (yellow-green and fluorescent), and pyorubin (red-brown).
impairs ciliary function, stimulate inflammatory response…tissue damage)
……grow well on most laboratory media
Grow on culture media (……
Combination of……..and…….. frequently used to treatment
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
cetrimide agar, nutrient agar , blood agar, MacConky agar)
Gentamicin and carbenicillin
Haemophilus influenzae
One common type,………
usually strikes
Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type
), children under 5 years old.
H.I
Gram…….
Non…
Non….
…. positive
Aerobics and facultative anaerobic
Negative coccobacillus
Motile
Sporforming
Oxidase
H.I
In Vitro growth required accessories growth factor including……. And….
X factor ( hemin)
V factor( NAD)
……..are used for isolation H influenza will generally not grow in blood agar which lacks NAD
Chocolate agar
Virulence factors of H.influnza : ….
capsular polysaccharide, IgA protease
Reservoirs strictly human pathogen,
H.influnza
Pathogenesis of H.influanza
upper respiratory tract H. Influanzae type b penetrates nasopharynxs epithelium reach blood or direct to meanings or from sinuses.
strains H.I
Non capsulated …..
Capsulated type b….
Adult
Children Meningitis
……is recommended for chemoprophylaxis among close contacts of child with confirmed bacterial meningitis caused by either ….
Hib vaccine
rifampin
H. Influanzae or N. meningitis
…… causes an acute conjunctivitis
H. Aegyptius
…. causes chancroid- genital ulcers and lymphadenopathy- venereal disease
H. Ducreyi
X factor (haemin) is required for …….
the synthesis of cytochromec and other iron-containing respiratory enzymes.
V factor is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) It is essential for ……..
oxidation-reduction processes in cell metabolism.
. X factor is heat ….,
V factor is heat…..
stable
Laible
Satellitism :
streaking an organism which excretes V factors e.g Staphylococcus aureus on the surface of blood agar simultaneously, will produce growth stimulation (large colonies) of H. Influanzae near it, This is called satellitism. There are two sources of V factors, S. aureus produce V factor itself as well as produce hemolysin and therefore lyse RBC produce release V factor on lysis(,Haemophilusspp may grow on sheep blood agar very close to the colonies ofStaphylococcus aureus(as it produces NAD-factor V); this phenomenon is known as satelliting)
Quellung reaction, also called the ….
Neufeld reaction
Quellung reaction, also called the Neufeld reaction, is a
biochemicalreactionin whichantibodiesbind to thebacterial capsuleof Haemophilus influenzae. The antibody reaction allows these species to be visualized under amicroscope. If the reaction is positive, the capsule becomesopaqueand appears to enlarge.
Bordetella pertussisis a fastidious gram-….. non ….., non……..,……. responsible for the respiratory infection commonly known as “…….
negative, short rod coccobacillus,
motile
sporing, capsulated
whooping cough or Pertussis.”
What is whooping cough?
Whooping cough (pertussis) is an infection of therespiratory systemcaused by the bacteriumBordetella pertussis(orB. pertussis). It mainly affects babies younger than 6 months old who aren’t yetprotected by immunizations, and kids 11 to 18 years old whose immunity has started to fade.
Whooping cough causesseverecoughingspells, which can sometimesend in a “whooping” sound when the childbreathes in.
….. .are an important reservoir forB. pertussisand are often the source of infection for infants.
Adolescents and adults
Persons with pertussis are most infectious during the …….. and the first 2 weeks after cough onset
catarrhal period
Virulence factors of B.pertussis
Pertussis toxin
Adenylate cyclase toxin
Tracheal toxin
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Pathogenesis of B.pertussis
Pertussis is primarily a toxin-mediated disease. The bacteria attach to the cilia of the respiratory epithelial cells, produce toxins that paralyze the cilia, and cause inflammation of the respiratory tract, which interferes with the clearing of pulmonary secretions. Pertussis antigens appear to allow the organism to evade host defenses, in that lymphocytosis is promoted but chemotaxis is impaired.
Culture medium of B.pertussis
Bordet gengou medium 20-30% blood
Pertussis prevented by…
Pertussis vaccine which is part of DTaP vaccine
