Back/Glute Region

Question 1

primary curvature (concave anteriorly)

Answer 1

• thoracic
• sacral/coccygeal

Question 2

secondary curvature (concave posteriorly)

Answer 2

• cervical
• lumbar

Question 3

anatomy of a vertebra

Answer 3

• vertebral body
• canal
• arch

Question 4

the vertebral canal is formed by?

Answer 4

• vertebral foramen cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae

Question 5

what are the borders of the vertebral canal

Answer 5

• anterior = vertebral body, intervertebral discs, and posterior longitudinal ligament
• lateral = pedicles and intervertebral foramina
• posterior = laminae, spinous process, ligamenta flava

Question 6

extrinsic muscles

Answer 6

1. superficial move the upper limb
   - trapezius
   - lattissimus dorsi
   - levator scapulae
   - rhomboid major
   - rhomboid minor
2. intermediate aid in respiration
   - serratus posterior superior
   - serratus posterior inferior

Question 7

intrinsic muscles

Answer 7

1. deep move the vertebral column and head
   - splenius capitis and cervicis
   - erector spinae and transversospinales
   - levatores costarum interspinales, intertransversarii

Question 8

Deep intrinsic muscles

what muscles are extensors and rotators of the head and neck

Answer 8

splenius capitis
splenius cervicis

Question 9

deep intrinsic muscles

what deep muscles are extensors and rotators of the vertebral column

Answer 9

• erector spinae
  ( iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis)

erector spinae muscles

Question 10

Deep intrinsic muscles

what deep muscles are extensors and rotators of the vertebral column

Answer 10

• erector spinae
• transversospinalis

Question 11

deep intrinsic muscles

what muscles are short segmental muscles

Answer 11

• levatores costarum
• interspinales
• intertransversarii

elevates ribs, posture muscles that stabilize vertebrae

Question 12

clinical correlation

herniation intervertebral discs

Answer 12

• occur posterolaterally compressing nerve root
• L4/5 and L5/S1
• intervertebral discs made up of nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus

Question 13

clinical correlation

scoliosis

Answer 13

abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column

Question 14

clinical correlation

kyphosis

Answer 14

abnormal curvature of the vertebral column in the thoracic region producing a hunchback deformity

Question 15

clinical correlation

lordosis

Answer 15

abnormal curvature of the vertebral column in the lumbar region producing a swayback deformity

Question 16

clinical correlation

lumbosacral plexus

Answer 16

innervation of the lower limb nerves from lumbar and sacral plexuses
- spinal nerves L1-L4 (lumbar)
- spinal nerves L4-S4 (sacral)

Question 17

bones related to gluteal region

Answer 17

sacrum, coccyx, pelvic bone

Question 18

Hip bone anatomy

Answer 18

Question 19

two ligaments on the pelvic wall stabilize the sacrum on the pelvic bones

Answer 19

• sacrospinous lig = b/w sacrum and ischial spine
• sacrotuberous lig = b/w sacrum and ischial tuberosity

Question 20

what ligaments define the apertures of the pelvic cavity into gluteal region, what are these apertures called

Answer 20

• greater sciatic foramen
• lesser sciatic foramen

Question 21

muscles of the gluteal region are divided into

Answer 21

• superficial
• deep

Question 22

what are the superficial gluteal muscles and their main function

Answer 22

abduct and extend the hip
- gluteus maximus
- gluteus medius
- gluteus minimus
- tensor fasciae latae

Question 23

what are the deep muscles of the gluteal region and their main function

Answer 23

lateral rotators of the hip joint
- pififormis
- obturator internus
- gemellus superior and inferior
- quadratus femoris

Question 24

common iliac artery

Answer 24

bifurcates into the external iliac arteyr and the internal iliac artery at the level L5

Question 25

internal iliac artery

Answer 25

supplies blood to structure within pelvis and structures in the glutea region (superior & inferior gluteal, obturator)

Question 26

external iliac artery

Answer 26

continues into the lower limb becoming the femoral artery

Question 27

where does the superior gluteal artery arise from

Answer 27

emerges through the greater sciatic foramen above the pififormis muscle

Question 28

where does the inferior gluteal artery arise from

Answer 28

emerges through the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis muscles

venous drainage follows arteries

Question 29

what nerves are found in the greater and lesser sciatic foramen

Answer 29

• greater sciatic = superior gluteal nerve, below all nerves of the lower limb
• lesser sciatic = nerve to obturator internus

Question 30

clinical correlation

Trendelenburg’s sign

Answer 30

occurs in people with weak or paralyzed abductor muscles of the hip (glutesu medius and minimus)
- ask patient to stand on one limb, standing on the affected limb causes the pelvis to severely drop over the swing limb
- postive sign is found in patients with damage of superior gluteal nerve

Question 31

clinical correlation

pelvic fractures

Answer 31

A. minimal displaced fracture (pelvic edge, ring, or sacrum/coccyx)
B. rotationally unstable, vertically stable (symphysis diastasis, sacroiliac diastasis)
C. rotational and vertical instability (anterior and post. pelvic ring fracture w/bilateral diastasis of sacroiliac joint)