Back

Question 1

what is the primary curvature of the vertebral column and what is the secondary curvature?

Answer 1

The primary curvature is concave anteriorly and secondary is concave posteriorly. Primary curvature is in the thoracic and sacral regions. Secondary is in the cervical and lumbar regions - it brings the center of gravity into a straight line, so body weight can be balanced.

Question 2

what do the extrinsic muscles of the back do?

Answer 2

move the upper limbs and the ribs

Question 3

what are the intrinsic muscles of the back and what do they do -general-? -what innervates them?

Answer 3

splenius capitis and cervisis - extensors and rotators of head and neck erector spinae and transversospinales - extensors and rotators of vertebral column -short segmental muscles- interspinales and intertransversarii –inervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves. PAGE 95!!

Question 4

which vertebrae and assoc muscles move the head

Answer 4

CI and CII

Question 5

How many of each type of vertebra are there

Answer 5

7 Cervical (CI-CVII), 12 Thoracic (TI-TXII), 5 Lumbar (LI-LV) , 5 Sacrum fused (I-V), 3-4 Coccyx fused

Question 6

what is the size pattern of the vertebral body

Answer 6

It increases in size from CII to LV

Question 7

what separates vertebral bodys from each other

Answer 7

fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs

Question 8

what is the vertebral arch made of ?

Answer 8

(vertebral arches align to form laterla and posterior walls of the vertebral canal, extending from CI to SV) It is connected to the arch by two pedicles stemming posteriorly from the vertebral body, which form the lateral pillars of the vertebral arch. the roof of the arch is formed by right and left laminae, which fuse at the midline. At the midline, a spinous process sticks posterior and generally inferior from the roof of the vetebral arch. On each side of the vertebral arch, a transverse process extends laterally from where the lamina meets a pedicle. From the same region, a superior articular process and an inferior articular process articulate with similar processes on adjacent vertebrae. each vertebrae also has rib elements. In the thorax these costal elements are large and form ribs, which articulate with the vertebral bodies and transverse processes. In other regions the rib elements are small and are incorporated into the transverse processes. (occasionally ribs in lower cervical or upper lumbar)

Question 9

what do the anterior and posterior rami of spinal nerves innervate?

Answer 9

the anterior rami of spinal nerves generally innervates the extrinsic muscles - which moves upper limbs and thoracic wall.-also the intermediate muscles (serratus posterior superior and inferiors) the posterior rami of spinal nerves innervates the intrinsic muscles of the back , which move vertebral column and help with the head. Also ribs (one group)

Question 10

What are the two groups of Extrinsic muscles of the back? and where are they located ?

Answer 10

Superficial : Latissmus dorsi, Trapezius, Levator scapulae, Rhomboid minor, Rhomboid Major page 56 of grays Intermediate : serratus posterior Inferior and Serratus posterior superior (innervated by anterior Rami of spinal nerves or cranial nerve XI for trapezius)

Question 11

What are the intrinsic muscles

Answer 11

includes Suboccipital, splenius, and the three Erector spinae (longissimus, Iliocostalis, Spinalis)- extension of the back

Question 12

MUST KNOW: what are the three Erector Spinae function and draw them

Answer 12

Longissimus (stems all the way from sacrum to the occipital bone) - longest one and it is intermediate (in between the other two) Iliocostalis - most lateral one- sacrum to ribs- inserts at lower six ribs, upper six ribs (angles), and the transverse process of CVII, as well as transverse processes of CVI to CVI Spinalis - smallest one. most medial of the three, origins from lower thoracic, spinous processes of TX or TXI to LII, and lower part of the ligamentum nuchae and spinous process CVII, to spinous process of TI to TVIII and of CII. PAGE 97!!!!- internet for best drawings -also these are broken down further on page 97!

Question 13

what makes up the anterior and lateral walls of the vertebral canal?

Answer 13

anterior is made up of the vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, and associated ligaments lateral walls and the roof are made of the vertebral arches and ligaments

Question 14

what layers surround the spinal cord? where is the venous plexus?

Answer 14

three connective tissue membranes (meninges): pia mater (innermost) - intimately assoc with spinal cord surface arachnoid mater - second membrane, separated from the pia by subarachnoid space (cerebrospinal fluid in there) dura mater - outermost, thickest, lies against but not attached to arachnoid. – the dura mater is separated from surrounding bone by an extradural (epidural) space containing loose connective tissue, fat, and a venous plexus

Question 15

Where do the spinal nerves extend from? what does the anterior rami branch into

Answer 15

the 31 pairs of spinal nerves come from the vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramen. They start with two “roots” the anterior and posterior roots from the spinal cord, which come together to form the “Spinal Nerve” which then breaks into the anterior and posterior ramus’s -anterior ramus’s are much larger. it forms the major somatic plexuses (cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral) of the body. Major visceral components of PNS (sympathetic trunk and prevertebral plexus) of the body are also associated mainly with anterior rami of spinal nerves (page 58)

Question 16

how many of each type of spinal nerves are there?

Answer 16

8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1-C8), 12 pairs of thoracic nerves (T1-T12), five lumbar (L1-L5), and 5 sacral (S1-S5), and one coccygeal (C0)

Question 17

what is the foramen magnum

Answer 17

the whole at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes

Question 18

how do the vertebral arteries travel and what is their purpose

Answer 18

Vertebral arteries travel in transverse processes of C6-C1, then pass through the foramen magnum into the brain. they participate in supplying blood to the brain along with the internal carotid arteries. (59)

Question 19

where is the spinal cord enlarged and why

Answer 19

in the cervical area and lumbosacral area -these are areas associated with innervating upper and lower limbs

Question 20

where does the spinal cord end?

Answer 20

Typically in adults between LI and LII, but it can be as high as TXII, and as low as the disc between vertebrae LII and LIII

Question 21

what forms the intervertebral foramen?

Answer 21

the superior and inferior margins are formed by notches in adjacent pedicles. The posterior margin is formed by the articular processes of the vertebral arches and the associated zygapophysial joint the anterior border is formed by the intervertebral disc between the vertebral bodies

Question 22

what is the zygapophysial joint?

Answer 22

The joint between the articular processes of adjacent vertebra

Question 23

what differenciates the cervical vertebra?

Answer 23

They are small in size with the largest vertebral foramen. Vertebral foramen is triangular! They also have foramen transversarium - holes in each transverse process. Lastly their spinous process is short and splits into two spikes aka it is BIFID the vertebral body is : -square shaped when viewed from above. -concave superior convex inferior surface (page 69)

Question 24

What differentiates the thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 24

they have articulated ribs via synovial joints - connecting ribs to certebral bodies and transverse processes of the associated vertebra. as opposed to “rib elements” -it has the smallest vertebral canal , and vertebral canal is circular -triangle shaped vertebral body -thin and long spinous process -has demifaets - one for articulation with head of its owin rib (superior), and one inferior for head of rib below

Question 25

what differentiates the lumbar vertebrae

Answer 25

largest ones - very large vertebral body. transverse proccesses are thin and long except for on LV because of iliolumbar ligaments. foramen is larger than thoracic and it is triangular

Question 26

what part of the vertebra attaches to the pelvis?

Answer 26

the five sacral vertebra are fused into one sacrum which articulares on each side with a pelvic bone, and is a component of the pelvic wall

Question 27

what are the characteristics of the atlas?

Answer 27

PAGE 68!! The atlas is C1 and the Axis is C2. they are specialized for head movement support. -The Atlas (C1) articulates with the head. Major distinguishing feature is that it lacks a vertebral body. (The vertebral body of CI fuses into that of CII’s during development to become the dens of CII. ) There is no intervertebral disk between CI and CII. from above the atlas is ring shaped and composed of two lateral masses interconnected by an anterior arch and a posterior arch. each lateral mass articulates with an occipital condyle of the skull and below with the superior articular processes of vertebra II (The axis). -the superior articular process of the atlas lays on top of the lateral masses and is bean shaped and concave, whereas the inferior articular surfaces are almost circular and flat. -the transverse proccesses are large and protrude further lateral than the other cervical vertebrae, they act as levers for muscle action, particularly those that move the head at the atlanto-axial joints

Question 28

what is the atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 28

it allows the head to nod up and down on the vertebral column

Question 29

what is the transverse ligament of atlas?

Answer 29

It holds the den in place which extends superior from the axis. It extends from the oval attachment facets on the medial surfaces of the lateral masses on the atlas.

Question 30

what is the dens?

Answer 30

It is on the axis (second vertebra) and it extends superior into the facet for the dens which is on the atlas. It is held in by the transverse ligament of atlas, and it acts as a pirvor for the atlas which is attached to the head to rotate side to side.

Question 31

what characterizes the axis and the dens?

Answer 31

it is characterized by the large tooth like dens. which extends superior from the vertebral body. the anterior surface of the dens has an oval facet for articulation with the anterior arch of the atlas. the dens has two lateral facets which are attachment sites for strong alar ligaments, which connect the dens to the medial surfaces of the occipital condyles the alar ligaments support rotation of head/atlas with respect to axis

Question 32

what are the two major types of joints between vertebrae?

Answer 32

Symphyses between vertebral bodies and synovial joints between articular processes

Question 33

how many joints does a typical vertebrae share with adjecent vertebrae?

Answer 33

6 ! 4 synovial and 2 symphysis

Question 34

what makes up the symphyses between vertebrae

Answer 34

between two vertebra BODIES there is a symphyses joint. It is formed by a layer of hyaline cartilage on each of the vertebral bodies, and an intervertebral disc which lies between the layers. -intervertebral disc consists of an outer anulus fibrosus which is an outer ring of collagen surrounding a wider zone of fibrocartilage in layers (lamellar configuration). It limits rotation between vertebrae -the nucleus puposus fills the center of the intervertebral disc. it is gelatinous and absorbs compression forces between vertebrae

Question 35

what kind of joint are zygapophysial?

Answer 35

They are synovial joints between superior and inferior articular processes.

Question 36

what are uncovertebral joints

Answer 36

lateral margins of the upper surfaces of typical cervical vertebrae are elevated into crests or lips termed uncinate processes. These may articulate with the body of the vertebra above to form small uncovertebral synovial joints.

Question 37

what is the anterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 37

it is attached to the base of the skull and extends down to attach to the anterior surface of the sacrum. Along its length it is attached to vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

Question 38

what is the posterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 38

It lines the anterior surface of the vertebral canal and is on posterior part of vertebra body. also attached to vertebral discs and vertebra bodies. The upper part of it connects CII to the intracranial aspect of the base of the skull and this part is called tectorial membrane.

Question 39

what is the ligamenta flava?

Answer 39

thin broad ligaments which pass between the laminae of adjacent vertebra. consist of elastic tissue, part of vertebral canal (posterior). resist separation of laminae in flexion and assist in extension back to anatomical position.

Question 40

what are ligamentum nuchae and supraspinous ligament

Answer 40

supraspinous ligament connects tips of vertebral spinous processes from CVII to the sacrum. from CVII to the skull it becomes distinct and is called ligamentum nuchae. ligamentum nuchae is .a trinagular sheer like structure in the median sagital plane, the base of which is attached to the skull. (p. 82) -ligamentum nuchae supports the head. it resists flexion and facilitates returning head to anatomic position

Question 41

what is the interspinous ligaments

Answer 41

they pass between adjacent vertebral spinous processes. from base to apex of each, and blend withs upraspinous ligament posteriorly and the ligamenta flava anteriorly on each side. (like a sheet bween these two)

Question 42

where does subarachnoid space end?

Answer 42

Sacral vertebra 2

Question 43

what are the appendicular group

Answer 43

superficial group of back muscles, primarily supports the appendicular skeleton. PAGE 87!! -superior muscles are the trapezius, latissmus dorsi, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, and levator scapulae.

Question 44

blood supply to trapezius? -what innervates all of the superficial muscles?

Answer 44

trapezius blood supply comes from superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery, the acromial branch of the suprascapular artery, and the dorsal branches of posterior intercostal arteries. all- page 91!

Question 45

MUST KNOW: what is the function of the trapezius and draw it

Answer 45

It is a triangle superficial muscle with its base along vertebral column, and the apex pointing toward the tip of the shoulder (muscles insertion). muscles on both sides form a trapezoid. superior fibers of the trapezius from skull to upper part of vertebra, attach to the lateral third oft he clavicle and the acromion of the scapula. contraction elevates scapula and rotates lateral aspect of scapula upward, like when lifting hands above head

Question 46

what are the functions of all of the superficial muscles? and draw them on a body

Answer 46

if you need to know, table on page 91! -generally the superficial muscles attach back to the upper part of the appendicular muscles and are sometimes called appendicular group

Question 47

what is adduction and abduction?

Answer 47

abduction rotation is moving arms from anatomic position to wingspan, adduction is the reverse. Same for lifting leg up right or left- abduction, returning it is adduction. Same for thumb or fingers, farther apart is abduction and closer is adduction

Question 48

what are the banes of the intermediate back muscles and whats general function

Answer 48

serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior. twi thin muscular sheets on upper and lower back. sometimes referred to as respiratory group. -function is elevating and repressing certain ribs, may be taking part in respiration as the inferior one prevents lower ribs from being elevated when the diaphram contracts

Question 49

what is the iliac crest

Answer 49

top of hip bone

Question 50

MUST KNOW: what is the function of levator scapulae and draw it on a skeleton

Answer 50

function is to lift the scapula location is from transverse processes of C1-C4 to scapula

Question 51

MUST KNOW: what is the function of Rhomboid major and minor and draw them

Answer 51

function is to retract (adduct) and elevate the scapula. rhomboid minor is superior to the rhomboid major. Rhomboid major stems from TII to TV and extends to the lower half of the scapula (to the edge of the bottom angle) Rhomboid minor extends from the power portion of ligamentum nuchae - at the spinous processes of CVII and TI, extends to the medial border of the scapula at the spine of the scapula

Question 52

MUST KNOW: What is the function of the Teres major and minor and draw them

Answer 52

teres major is rotator and adductor of the humerus, assists latissmus dorsi in drawing the previously raised humerus downwards and backwrads From straight up to down by sides). originates at upper surface of inferior angle of scapula, and inserts at the top of the humerus. teres minor is a narrow shoulder nuscle that extends from the lateral border of the scapula to the grater tubercle of the humerus. contributes to the rotator cuff

Question 53

MUST KNOW: what are the functions of the serratus posterior inferior and superior and draw them

Answer 53

superior one elevates Ribs II and V. It is located from the lower part of ligamentum nuchae , spinous processes CVII to TIII, extending from the supraspinous ligament to the upper border of ribs II to V lateral to their angles which are before the curve to the front of the body . In a mountain shape slightly. Inferior depresses ribs IX to XII and may prevent lower ribs from being elevated when diaphram contracts (assists with respiration) - sometimes called respiratory muscles

Question 54

MUST KNOW: What is the function of the latissmus dorsi and draw it

Answer 54

extends, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus -originates from spinous processes of TVII to LV and sacrum, iliac crest, inserts at the humerus, below the bulky end of the bone

Question 55

MUST KNOW: What is the function suboccipital muscle group and name ( do not need to know how to draw apperantly)

Answer 55

Rectus capitis posterior major : extension of head, rotation of face to same side as muscle Rectus capitis posterior minor: extension of head Obliquus capitis superior: extension of head and bends it to the same side Obliquus capitis inferior: rotation of face to same side page 100 for review

Question 56

what is the conus medullaris?

Answer 56

the distal (end of) the spinal cord. It is cone shaped.

Question 57

What is the filum terminale?

Answer 57

a fine fillament of connective tissue (plial part) continues down from the apex of the conus medullaris. the dural part is after the arachnoid mater ends, (sacral vertebra 2) page 101

Question 58

describe how blood gets from the heart to the muscular branches on the left side of the back

Answer 58

left ventricle of heart -> ascending aorta -> aortic arch -> left subclavian -> left axillary -> muscular branches

Question 59

describe how blood travels from heart to muscular branches on right side of the back

Answer 59

left ventricle-> ascending aorta->aortic arch-> brachiocephalic trunk ->right subclavian ->right axillary->muscular branch

Question 60

describe how blood travels from heart to middle and deep parts of the back

Answer 60

left ventricle->aescending aorta->aortic arch->descending aorta->thoracic aorta->intercostal arteries

Question 61

describe how blood returns to the heart from the left/right sides of the back

Answer 61

muscular branches->left/right axillary vein->left/right subclavian vein->left/right brachiocephalic->superior vena cava->right atrium->right ventricle

Question 62

describe how blood returns from the right side of the middle/deep back

Answer 62

intercostal veins->internal thoracic vein->right brachiocephalic->superior vena cava-> right atrium->right ventricle

Question 63

describe how blood returns from the left side of the middle/deep back

Answer 63

intercostal veins->hemizygous vein->bleft brachiocephalic->superior vena cava->right atrium->right ventricle

Question 64

what is the thoracolumbar fascia?

Answer 64

It covers the deep muscles of the back and trunk. It is a fascial layer and is critical to the overall organization and integrity of the region.

-It is anterior to the serratus posterior muscle in the superior region and is continuous with deep fascia in the neck. In the thoracic region it covers deep muscles and separates them from the muscles in superficial and intermediate groups. Medially it attaches to the spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the angles of the ribs.