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CADE > Back > Flashcards

Back Flashcards

1
Q

The back is defined as the ______ part of the trunk, that os inferior to the ____and superior to the ____ ___.

The back forms the ___ of the human body; it consists of the ____ ____, _____ ____, ____ ____ and _____ ____ (skin, connective tissue, vessels and nerves).

A

posterior part

neck

gluteal region

axis

vertebral column

supporting muscles

spinal cord

associated tissue

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2
Q

The _____ formed the longitudinal axis of the body during development, but only remnants of it are left in the form of the ____ ____.

A

notocord

intervetebral disks

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3
Q

1-6?

A
  1. transverse process
  2. spinal process
  3. lamina
  4. Pedicle
  5. Vetebral Body
  6. Vetebral Canal
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4
Q

The Vetebral column has two different types of ____. What are they? Describe each.

A

Joints

Synovial(diarthroidal)- a moveable joint

Cartilaginous- cartlidge is between bones so that the bones don’ t damage each other.

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5
Q

Synovial Joints in the back are located between ____ of ___ ___ and specifically where a _____ ____ ____ meets an ___ ____ ___. This joint is called a ____ joint or a _____ joint

A

processes of adjacent vertebrae

superior articulating process

inferior articulating process

Zygapophysial

facet joint

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6
Q

What are the processies in red and what forms between them?

A
  • The top is the superior articulating process
  • The bottom is inferior articulating process
  • The joint between them is a zygopophysial synovial joint
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7
Q

How are joints innervated?

A

Any nerve that crosses a joint sends off tiny sensory branches to the joint and innervate it

(this is Hiltons law but dont worry about the name)

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8
Q

Intervetebral discs are ___ ___ and aren’t very moveable. They are meant to ____ the adjacent vetebrae.

A

Cartilaginous joints

cushion

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9
Q

The intervetebral discs consist of the __ __ and the __ __.

A

Nucleus pulposus

annulus fibrosus

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10
Q

The nuclues pulposus is __% water and is the remnant of the ____.

A

90

notocord

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11
Q

The outer lamellar part of the intervetebral disc is called the ___ ___.

A

Annulus fibrosus

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12
Q

When a ____ ____ or (prolapsed disc) occurs due to trauma or hyperextenstion, the _____ ____ could come out. The nuclues pulposus almost always come out _____ or ___ and this is because there is a very strong ____ (called the ___ __ ___) that runs along the front of the vetebral bodies that prevents them from herniating forward. However, since it herniates backwards, it can push back on the ____ ___ ____ and cause ____.

A

herniated disc

nucleus pulposus

posteriorly

laterally

ligament

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

true spinal nerve (clinical nerve root)

radiculopathy

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13
Q

You can herniate discs in the ____ region and the radiculopathy pain takes the form of ____. The ____ nerve is the largest nerve in the body, so when you press on nerves in the lower back it affects it and the_____ will have pain. The pain radiates down the lower ___to the ____ and down the back of the ____ to the ___.

A

lumbar

sciatica

sciatic

dermatome

back

hip

thigh

leg

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14
Q

More caudal spinal nerve roots descend as cauda equina to the ____ ____ where they join as a _____ ____ ___ and exit the vertebral column; a spinal nerve exits through the ____ half of the intervertebral foramen. Because of this, the spinal nerve lies above the intervertebral disc at that level, so it won’t be affected by a herniated disc at that level. Instead, the spinal nerve ____ the herniated would be affected.

SO usually if the L4/L5 disc herniated, the ___ spinal nerve would most likely be compressed.

A

intervertebral foramen

true spinal nerve

superior

below

L5

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15
Q

L5 radiculopathy causes weak _____ of ___ and ___

A

dorsiflexion

foot and toes

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16
Q

S1 radiculopathy causes depressed ___ ___ and weakness of ____ ____ in the ___

A

depressed ankle reflex

plantar flexion in the foot

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17
Q

The ___-___ joints allow you to nod and shake your head. The two we need to know are the _____ joint and the ____ joint.

Atlas is the ___ ___; Axis is the ____ ___; Occipital is a part of the ___.

A

Cranio-veterbral joints

atlanto-occipital joint

atlanto-axial joint

Atlas- C1 vertebrae

Axis- C2 vertebrae

Occipital- part of skull

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18
Q

Atlanto-occipital joints are _____ ____ that lie between the ____ ____ ____ of the C1 vertebrae (atlas) and the _____ ____of the skull. What do these joints allow?

A

synovial joints

superior articulating processes

occipital condyles

“Nodding” of the head to indicate “yes” occurs at this joint.

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19
Q

_____ loints are ____ joints that lie between C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis). What do these allow?

A

Atlanto-axial

synovial

“Shaking the head to indicate no” occurs here

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20
Q

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament checks the ____ of the _____ ____. It continues superiorly as the (aka renamed superiorly) ____ _____ ____ and then the ___ ______ ____ as you continue more.

A

Checks extension

vertebral column

anterior atlanto-axial ligament

•anterior atlanto-occipital ligament

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21
Q

The ____ ____Ligament is found on the back of the vetebral bodies. This is going to check the ____ of the _____ _____. It will continue superiorly as the___ ___ at the level of vertebra __.

A

Posterior Longitudinal

flexion of the vertebral column

tectorial ligament

C2

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22
Q

What is the red?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

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23
Q

What is in the yellow?

What is #1 representing?

A

yellow -Ligamentum Flavum

anterior long. lig.

24
Q

_____ ____ connects adjacent laminae and checks _____ of the ____ ___. It will be renamed as it moves superiorly and called the ____ ___ ____ and then the

____ ___ ____

A

Ligamentum Flavum

flexion of vertebral column

posterior atlanto-occipital ligament

posterior atlanto-axial ligament (C1 & C2)

25
Q

Interspinous Ligaments check ____ of the _____ ____ and are directionally _____

A

flexion of vertebral column

posterior

26
Q

What is in purple and what is in yellow?

A

Purple- interspinous ligaments

Yellow supraspinous ligaments

27
Q

_____ _____ connects tips of adjacent spinous processes (This area thickens at cervial levels and called the ___ ____ ). These are usde to check _____ of the ____ ____.

A

Supraspinous Ligaments

(ligamentum nuchae

flexion of vertebral column

28
Q
A
  1. Dura mater
  2. spinous process
  3. subcutaneous tissue
  4. skin
  5. interspinous ligament
  6. supraspinous ligament
  7. ligamentum flavum
  8. vetebral body
  9. intervetebral disc (it is the skinny one if you switched it with 9 while you were making it )
29
Q

Superficial extrinsic back muscles are associated with the ___ ____

A

is associated with the upper extremity

30
Q

What are the superficial back muscles? (4)

A
  • Trapezius
  • Latissimus Dorsi
  • Levator scapulae
  • Rhomboid major and minor
31
Q

____ ____ muscles assists in holding the ____ back muscles in place and are accessory muscles of ____. What are they? (2)

A

Intermediate group

deep

respiration

Serratus posterior superior

Serratus posterior inferior

32
Q

What are the proximal attachments of the trapezius? (4)

What are the sistal attachments(3)?

A

Superior nuchal line, external occipital protruberance, nuchal ligament, spinous processes C7-T12

Clavicle, acromion, scapular spine

33
Q

USUALLY, Proximal attachments of muscles are also called the ____ while distal attachments are also called the ____.

A

origin

insertion

34
Q

What muscle is in blue? What mactions is it responsible for?

A

Trapezius

Actions: Elevation, retraction, depression of scapula; rotation of glenoid fossa superiorly

35
Q

What innverates the trapzius?

what kind of fiber does this nerve serve?

what is the arterial supply?

A

Cranial nerve XI (spinal accessory nerve)

Somatic Motor

Transverse cervical artery

36
Q

What is being pointed to in the yellow?

In the white?

A

Latissimus Dorsi

thoracolumbar fascia

37
Q

Latissimus dorsi Proximal attachments?

Distal attachment?

A

PROX:

Spinous processes T7-12,

thoracolumbar fascia

iliac crest

DISTAL

Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

38
Q

What are the actions of Latissimus Dorsi?

A

Actions:

Extension, adduction, medial/internal rotation of humerus;

lifts body toward arm in climbing

39
Q

Purple?

Black?

Green?

A

Purp Rhomboid major

Black rhomboid minor

Green Levator Scapulae

40
Q

For Levator scapulae, what are the following:

Proximal attachments:

Distal attachment:

Innervation:

Blood supply:

A

Proximal attachments: Transverse processes, C1-4

Distal attachment: Superior angle of scapula

Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)

Blood supply: Dorsal scapular artery

41
Q

For Rhomboid major and minor, what are the following for each:

Proximal attachments:

Distal attachment:

A

Proximal attachments:

  • Minor: nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7, T1
  • Major: spinous processes of T2-T5

Distal attachment:

Medial border of scapula (minor superior to scapular spine, major below scapular spine)

42
Q

What are the Intermediate extrinsic back muscles and name the action of each.

A

Serratus posterior superior

Actions: Elevation of ribs

Serratus posterior inferior

Actions: Depression of ribs

43
Q

Usually, nerves and blood vessels supply their muscles on the muscles?

This allows for?

A

deep surface

protection

44
Q

What are these two triangles?

A

The Superior one?

Triangle of auscultation

Inferior one?

Lumbar triangle of Petit

45
Q

The what is a back landmark that allows lung sounds to be heard clearly because no muscle intervenes between skin and rib cage?

A

Triangle of auscultation

46
Q

What is often the site for hernias of retroperitoneal contents through posterior abdominal wall?

A

Lumbar triangle of Petit

47
Q

Deep back muscles Act to maintain _____ and control movements of the ____ ____ (flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation). They are found deep to the ____ ____ of cervical regions (_____ ____/____) and thoracic/lumbar regions (______ ___).

A

posture

vertebral column

investing fascia

nuchal fascia/ligament

thoracolumbar fascia

48
Q

purple

pink?

A

Purple: Splenius cervicis

pink- Splenius capitus

49
Q

What are the actions of the spenius cervicis and splenius capitus?

A
  • Unilateral contraction yields lateral flexion of neck and rotation of head to side of contraction
  • Bilateral contraction yields head and neck extension
50
Q

What is the origin and insertion for the splenius capitus and splenius cervicis?

A

Origin: Lower cervical and upper thoracic spinous processes

Insertion: Capitus: Mastoid process, superior nuchal line

Cervicis: Upper cervical transverse processes

51
Q

In the Deep back, you can find the ____ ____ muscles that exist as a common muscle mass that splits into three parts. What are the three parts from later to medial?

A

\Erector spinae

Iliocostalis:

Longissimus

Spinalis

52
Q

What are the erector spinae muscle insertions and orgins?

A

Origins: Iliac crest, sacrum

Insertions:

Iliocostalis: angles of lower ribs, cervical transverse processes

Longissimus: angles of ribs, cervical/thoracic transverse processes, mastoid process

Spinalis: spinous processes

53
Q

Green

yellow

both blues?

What do they span before inserting distally?

A

Green

GREEN Semispinalis spans 4-6 vertebrae before inserting distally

YELLOW Multifidus spans 2-4 vertebrae before inserting distally

BLUE Rotators span 1-2 vertebrae before inserting distally

54
Q

What’s in the green? what’s poking out behind it?

A

semispinalis capitus

greater occipital nerves

55
Q

Purple?

being pointed at?

A

semispinalis cervicis

C2

56
Q

What is this?

What action does it do?

A

Multifidus

Actions: Unilateral contraction rotates to contralateral side; stabilizes vertebrae

57
Q
A

CADE (11 decks)

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