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Anatomy Exam 3 > Back > Flashcards

Back Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae do we have in the axial skeleton?

A

33; 24 mobile, 9 fused

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2
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

A

protect spinal cord and spinal nerves, posture and locomotion

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3
Q

What are the movements of the vertebral column?

A

extension/flexion, lateral flexion, rotation

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4
Q

Describe the curvature of the vertebral column

A

alternating lordosis and kyphosis

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5
Q

kyphosis

A

primary curvature of the spine (thoracic and sacral)

concave anteriorly and develop early in ontogeny when the entire vertebral column is concave anteriorly

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6
Q

Lordoses

A

secondary curvature of the spine (cervical and lumbar)

concave posteriorly and develop during infancy, as infant learns to hold head up and sit up right and walk, respectively

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7
Q

What are the types of abnormal vertebral column curvatures?

A

excessive thoracic kyphosis

excessive lumbar lordosis

scoliosis

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8
Q

Describe excessive thoracic kyphosis

A

exaggerated thoracic curvature “hump back” deformity

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9
Q

Describe excessive lumbar lordosis

A

exaggerated lumbar curvature “sway back”

deformity

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10
Q

Scoliosis

A

lateral deviation coupled with a rotational component

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11
Q

Vertebral body

A

located anteriorly on vertebrae

articulates with intervertebral discs

supports body weight so gradually increases in size from cervical to sacral

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12
Q

vertebral (neural) arch

A

located posterior to the vertebral body, consists of 2 pedicles and 2 lamina

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13
Q

articular processes

A

2 superior and 2 inferior projections at the junction of pedicle and lamina

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14
Q

vertebral canal

A

bony canal formed by adjacent vertebral foramina, contains spinal cord and associated structures

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15
Q

vertebral notches

A

2 superior and 2 inferior vertebral notches per vertebra, located on the superior or inferior aspect of the pedicles

adjacent superior and inferior notches help form an intervertebral foramen

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16
Q

intervertebral foramen

A

blood vessels and nerves transverse this foramen

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17
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

n=7

small vertebral bodies, bifid spinous process

posteriorly projecting spinous process, have transverse foramina for the passage of the vertebral arteries and veins

also have uncinate processes

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18
Q

vertebra prominens

A

vertebra C7

has the most prominent cervical spinous process

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19
Q

Atlas

A

C1

lacks a vertebral body and spinous process; ring shaped

superior articular facets for articulation with the occipital condyles of the cranium

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20
Q

Axis

A

C2

dens process is the portion of the C1 vertebral body that is incorporated into the C2 vertebra during development

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21
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

n=12

spinous processes are long and slender and slant inferiorly to the level of the vertebral body below

heart shaped bodies, looks like giraffe

have costal facets on vertebral bodies and transverse processes for articulation with ribs

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22
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

n=5

robust; large bodies

posteriorly projecting spinous processes

looks like a moose

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23
Q

What level of the vertebral column is best for spinal taps?

A

lumbar, due to large gaps between adjacent vertebrae in lumbar region

24
Q

lumbosacral angle

A

marks the junction of the L5 vertebra and sacrum

25
Q

sacrum

A

5 sacral vertebrae fuse into one triangular shaped bone, vertebral canal continues as sacral canal which ends at the sacral hiatus

26
Q

sacral hiatus

A

an opening at the inferior sacrum that can be used for administering epidural anesthesia

27
Q

coccyx

A

4 coccygeal vertebrae fuse into one triangular-shaped bone

focal point for muscle and ligament attachment

28
Q

What are the functions of IV discs?

A

distribute force/weight, provide flexibility to vertebral column

Cervical/lumbar IV discs are thicker anteriorly

29
Q

What are the component of IV discs?

A

anulus fibrosus - outer fibrocartilaginous ring

nucleus pulposus- gelatinous center mass

30
Q

Joints of the vertebral bodies

A

cartilaginous (symphyses) joints, consisting of IV discs & ligaments

there is also uncovertebral joints and facet joints

31
Q

uncovertebral joints

A

of Luschka, located between uncinate processes of cervical vertebrae and body of adjacent vertebrae

site of bone spur formation, causing neck pain

32
Q

Facet (zygapophysial) joints

A

synovial joints between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

permits gliding movements between vertebrae-orientation of facets determines ROM

33
Q

cervical articular facets

A

face superiorly and inferiorly, permit flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation

34
Q

thoracic articular facets

A

face anteriorly and posteriorly, permit rotation and restrict flexion/extension and lateral flexion

35
Q

lumbar articular facets

A

face medially and laterally, permit flexion/extension and lateral flexion and restrict rotation

36
Q

Atlanto-occipital joints

A

synovial joints between the atlas and axis

primary motion is flexion/extension of the head “yes”

37
Q

What is the vertebral level of the inferior angle of the scapula?

A

T7

38
Q

vertebral level of iliac crests

A

L4

39
Q

The skin and fascia of the back receive segmental nerve supply via…

A

dorsal rami

40
Q

nuchal ligament

A

cervical thickening of the supraspinous ligament

attaches superiorly to the external occipital protuberance and inferiorly to spinous processes of cervical vertebrae

41
Q

thoracolumbar fascia

A

dense sleeve of fascia in thoracic & lumbar regions, site of muscle attachment, surrounds the intrinsic back muscles

42
Q

What innervates the extrinsic (SF) muscles of the back ?

A

ventral rami

except for trapezius ( cranial nerve XI, accessory nerve)

43
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the back acting on the UE?

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, lavator scapulae, rhomboid minor and rhomboid major

44
Q

What is the triangle of auscultation?

A

the small region, free of overlying superficial muscles, bounded by the trapezius, latissimus dorsi and the scapula

lack of muscle allows for more efficient use of stethoscope to listen to the sounds of the thoracic cavity

45
Q

What are the 2 extrinsic muscles involved in respiration?

A

serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior

these muscles are deep to the rhomboids and latissimus dorsi

46
Q

What innervates the intrinsic muscles of the back?

A

dorsal rami

47
Q

What are the functions of the intrinsic muscles of the back?

A

primarily extension of the vertebral column but also lateral flexion and rotation

these muscles are commonly injured

48
Q

Superficial layer of intrinsic muscles of the back? Actions

A

Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis

extend neck- when contracting bilaterally

lateral flexion & rotation of neck to ipsilateral side (when contracting unilaterally

49
Q

Intermediate layer of intrinsic muscles of the back? Action?

A

erector spinae- 3 columns

  • iliocostalis
  • longissimus
  • spinalis

common origin: iliac crest, sacrum, lumbar spinous processes

50
Q

Insertion of iliocostalis

A

ribs, transverse processes

51
Q

insertion of longissimus

A

transverse processes, mastoid process

52
Q

insertion of spinalis

A

spinous processes, occipital bone

53
Q

Action of erector spinae muscles?

A

extend vertebral column (when contracting bilaterally, lateral flexion & rotation of vertebral column to ipsilateral side (when contracting unilaterally )

54
Q

Deep layer of intrinsic muscles of the back? origin?

A

transversospinalis- 3 parts (SF-deep)

  • semispinalis
  • multifidus
  • rotatores

occupy “gutter” between transverse and spinous processes

55
Q

Action of transversospinalis?

A

extend vertebral column

stabilize vertebrae

rotation to contralateral side

Anatomy Exam 3 (7 decks)

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