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Question 1

Splenius

Answer 1

Proximal: Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T6
Distal:
Capitis: mastoid and lateral third of superior nuchal line (proximal C7 – T4 SPs)
Cervicis: tubercles of TP of C1-C3 (or C4) (proximal: T3 – T6 SPs)

Unilateral: lateral flexion and rotation of neck and head
Bilateral – extension of neck and head

Question 2

Erector spinae: illiocostalis,

Answer 2

Common origin: a broad tendon from posterior part of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, sacral and inferior lumbar SPs

To the angle of (lower) ribs for lumborum and thoracis parts; to C4-C6 TPs for cervicis.

Extend bilaterally and flex unilaterally the spine

Question 3

Erector spinae: longissimus

Answer 3

Common origin: a broad tendon from posterior part of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, sacral and inferior lumbar SPs

Fibres run superiorly to ribs between tubercles and angles to TPs of thoracic and cervical regions and to mastoid processes

Extend bilaterally and flex unilaterally the spine

Question 4

Erector spinae: spinalis

Answer 4

Common origin: a broad tendon from posterior part of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, sacral and inferior lumbar SPs

Run superiorly to SPs in upper thoracic region and to cranium

Extend bilaterally and flex unilaterally the spine

Question 5

Transversospinalis: Semispinalis

Answer 5

From TPs to SPs of adjacent superior vertebrae – thus sink in the “gutter” between TPs and SPs.

T12-C4 TPs to SPs of 4-6 more superior segments.

Extends head, cervical and thoracic vertebrae; rotate them contralaterally.

Question 6

Transversospinalis: Multifidus

Answer 6

From TPs to SPs of adjacent superior vertebrae – thus sink in the “gutter” between TPs and SPs.

From posterior sacrum, PSIS, aponeurosis of erect spinae, mammillary processes of lumbar vertebrae, TPs of T1-T12 and articular processes of C4-C7 &raquo_space;» to 2-4 segments on the entire length of the spinous processes (SPs) superiorly.

Stabilise the vertebrae

Question 6

Transversospinalis: Rotatories

Answer 6

From TPs to SPs of adjacent superior vertebrae – thus sink in the “gutter” between TPs and SPs.

Arise from TPs of vertebrae &raquo_space;» junction of laminae and TPs or SPs of 1-2 superior segments.

Stabilise vertebrae
Assist local extension and rotation

Question 7

Rectus capitis posterior major

Answer 7

SP of axis (C2) to lateral part of the inferior nuchal line

Head extension, ipsilateral flexion and rotation

Question 8

Rectus capitis posterior minor

Answer 8

(posterior) Tubercle of atlas (C1) to medial part of the inferior nuchal line.

Head extension

Question 9

Obliquus capitis inferior

Answer 9

SP of axis (C2) to TP of atlas (C1)

head extension, ipsilateral rotation

Question 10

Obliquus capitis superior

Answer 10

TP of atlas (C1) to the occipital bone between inferior and superior nuchal lines

head extension, ipsilateral flexion

Question 10

Longus capitis

Answer 10

occipital bone (basilar part) to
anterior tubercles of TPs of C3-6

flex head (at atlanto-occipital joint).

Question 11

Longus colli

Answer 11

anterior part of T3-C2 (bodies, anterior tubercles)

flex neck

Question 12

Rectus capitis anterior

Answer 12

occipital bone (anterior to the occipital condyle) to anterior of lateral mass of C1

flex head

Question 13

Rectus capitis lateralis

Answer 13

Occipital bone (jugular process) to TP of C1

lateral flexion of head

Question 13

Anterior scalene

Answer 13

TPs of C3-C6 to Rib 1
ipsilateral neck flexion, elevation of Rib 1

Question 14

Middle scalene

Answer 14

Posterior tubercles of TPs of C2-C7 to Rib 1

Ipsilateral neck flexion, elevation of Rib 1

Question 15

Posterior scalene

Answer 15

posterior tubercles of TP C4-6 to Rib 2

Ipsilateral neck flexion and elevation of Rib 2