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Basic Animal Care > BAC Lab Exam > Flashcards

BAC Lab Exam Flashcards

0
Q

What are Herps?

A

Collective term for reptile and amphibians

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1
Q

Why study reptiles and amphibians?

A

Have increased popularity as pets
Have a biology that differs significantly from mammals
Vets are not taught much about exotics in school

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2
Q

What are some features of an amphibian

A

Moist, permeable, glandular skin
Non-amniotic eggs
Ectothermic (most are heterothermic)

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3
Q

What are the three orders of the class amphibia, and how many species does each order have

A

Anura (5000+ species) frogs etc
Caudata (500 species) salamanders
Gymnophiona (<200 species) caecilians

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4
Q

What are some features of a reptile

A

Non-permeable, non-glandular skin
Amniotic eggs
Mostly oviparous
Mostly ectothermic and heterothermic

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5
Q

What are the four orders of reptiles and how many species do they contain

A

Testudines (<7000 species) snakes/lizards

Crocodilia (23 species) crocodiles

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6
Q

In reptiles and amphibians what are we dealing with? Species or breeds?

A

Species

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7
Q

What is thermophysiology

A

How body temperature is maintained

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8
Q

What are some advantages to ectothermy

A

Lower energy needs (eat less)

Tolerate cooling better (night, seasonal, brumation)

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9
Q

What is the disadvantage of ectothermy

A

Activity limited by environmental temperature

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10
Q

How do Herps maintain their preferred body temperature

A

Behavioral thermoregulation

Physiological thermoregulation

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11
Q

What is an integument

A

The covering or outside of an organism, like skin

Unique in reptiles and amphibians

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12
Q

What is dysecdysis

A

Retained eye spectacles

Constricted toes, spines, tail tips

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13
Q

What is dysecdysis caused by

A

Inadequate environmental humidity
Malnutrition and dehydration
Parasitism

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14
Q

What can thermoreceptive organs do:

A

Can “see” heat

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15
Q

What are boids

A

Labial heat pads

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16
Q

What are crotalines

A

Paired rostral heat pits

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17
Q

What is dropping their tails done for

A

Defense

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18
Q

What must a Herps captive environment do

A

Fulfill all physiological and psychological needs
Be based on natural habitat
Omit natural dangers
Be easy to access and maintain

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19
Q

What material should a herp enclosure be made out of

A

Easy to clean and disinfect

Transparent barriers can be problematic

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20
Q

Are cagemates a good idea for Herps?

A

No

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21
Q

What are ultraviolet A lights used for

A

Part of visible spectrum for many species

Identification of conspecifics and prey

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22
Q

What does having ultraviolet -a light do to the environment?

A

Increases social behaviors
Feeding
Basking
Breeding

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23
Q

How do you determine how much uv is needed?

A 
Depends on:
Habitat
Geographical location
Time of year 
Species activity period
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24
Q

What can you use to measure uv irradiance

A

A solar meter 6.2

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25
Q

Who needs UVA?

A

Assume diurnal species need it

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26
Q

What provides UVA?

A

UVB bulbs
Incandescents
Halogens

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27
Q

In the color rendering index, what is natural sunlight considered?

A

The best, 100

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28
Q

For diurnal species what is the minimum CRI they should have

A

80

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29
Q

What must be done to the water dish

A

Kept clean

Kept appropriately sized (drinking vs soaking/swimming)

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30
Q

What additives must be removed from water?

A

Chlorine, chloramine, fluoride

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31
Q

Who is most sensitive to water quality

A

Small reptiles and all amphibians most sensitive

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32
Q

What can inappropriate levels of humidity lead to?

A

Respiratory and or dermatological disease

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33
Q

What are humidity needs based on

A

Seasonally depending on wild habit

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34
Q

What are the two categories of substrate

A

Particulate

Non particulate

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35
Q

What is a particulate substrate and give an example

A

Made up of lots of small pieces

Ex: sand soil or gravel

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36
Q

What is a non particulate substrate and give an example

A

Made up of large pieces

Ex: paper towel, carpeting, tile

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37
Q

Is enrichment a necessity or an option

A

It’s a necessity

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38
Q

Herps are thigmotactic, what does that mean

A

They must feel the security of a hide on all sides of their body

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39
Q

How big should a Herps hide be?

A

Just large enough to enter, turn around and exit

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40
Q

Why is food a good enrichment for Herps

A

Chasing live insect prey

Stimulate foraging behaviors (hidden prey)

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41
Q

What are some good reasons to keep Herps as pets?

A

Hypo allergic companion animals
May be better suited to your lifestyle
Captive breeding efforts
Hands off display pets

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42
Q

How do you select a species of herp to keep as a pet?

A 
Based on:
Adult size
Space requirements 
Diet
Hardiness
Personality and behavior
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43
Q

What non particulate substrates are good

A

Paper towel, butcher paper, newspaper

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44
Q

Why are non particulate substrates like paper towel good for animals

A

Easy observations of stool and urine production

Prey cannot hide easily

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45
Q

What can you do when you find out an animal is eating it’s substrate?

A

Don’t use that substrate
Feed on dish or elevated perch
Feed snakes in a feeding bin

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46
Q

What are the cons of having a glass aquarium with a screen top for your herps

A

Transparent barriers can be problematic ( face rubbing)

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47
Q

What are the cons of having a wood enclosure with a screen front or top for your herp

A

Wood is difficult to sanitize and screen is abrasive if animal rubs against it

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48
Q

How much uv light is transmitted through glass or plastic barriers

A

0%

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49
Q

What can uv light go through

A

Mesh/wire/screen

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50
Q

What deformities happen with uv deficiency

A

Skeletal deformities especially if afflicted during juvenile critical growth period

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51
Q

What is a heliotherm

A

Any heat producing bulb in a heat lamp fixture

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52
Q

What is a thigmotherm

A

Any heliospheric device placed over substrate or furniture that retains heat

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53
Q

What is special about the leopard gecko

A

Possess true eyelids
Lack of adhesive footpads
Tail enlarged with fat deposits
Crested geckos are flattened dorsoventrally

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54
Q

What is special about the Sudan plated lizard

A

Similar body to skink

Different scalation

55
Q

What is the major differences between lizards and caudates

A

Dry scaly skin
Nails/claws
Caudates have a frog like appearance

56
Q

What is special about snake lung anatomy

A

Many species only have left lung; right lung is reduced in size or absent

57
Q

Why is it important to examine shed skin?

A

Can check for ecto parasites

Check for ecdysis

58
Q

What is the shell of a turtle?

A

Living bone

59
Q

What are some ownership considerations for Owning birds

A 
Time consuming
Loud/destructive 
Messy
Require fresh food/water at all times
Can be aggressive
Very long lifespan
60
Q

Describe living in the wild for the bird

A 
Predators
Diet (variety)
Disease 
Climate change
Habitat destruction
61
Q

Describe life in captivity for a bird

A 
Caging
Behavior problems
Often inappropriate diet
Vet care 
Increased longevity
Hand rearing
62
Q

How do you sex a bird

A

DNA
Ultrasound
Color dimorphism

63
Q

What are a few popular bird species

A 
African grey
Amazon
Canary
Cockatiel
Cockatoo
Finch
Macaw
64
Q

Describe housing of birds

A 
Safe cage location/position
Appropriate size cage
Various perches
Toys
Hiding tents
Safe cage liner
65
Q

Give 4 examples of appropriate perches

A

Cholla wood
Rope perch
Java wood
Apple wood

66
Q

Give three examples of inappropriate perches

A

Rock/stone perch
Sand paper covered perch
Sand paper perch

67
Q

What is the basic care needed for birds

A 
Monitor appetite, stool/urine, activity
Routine weighing
Monitor Molting periods
Provide foraging activities and toys
Training sessions
Provide entertainment
Regular bath
68
Q

What is general grooming for birds

A

Nails (clipping or filing)
Daily baths
Beak (not usually required)
Wings (trimming)

69
Q

What are the 3 abnormal types of bird beaks

A

Scissor beak
Overgrown beak
Prognathism

70
Q

How do you identify birds?

A

Leg bands

Microchips (in chest)

71
Q

What should birds be eating?

A 
Vegetables & dark greens
Sprouted beans/seeds
Fruits
Pellets and whole grains
Nuts and seeds
Animal protein
72
Q

What are some toxic foods for birds

A 
Avocado
Fruit pits/seeds
Ground cherries
Rhubarb
Fat/sugar/salt
Onion/garlic
Chocolate
Coffee
Alcohol
House plants
Moldy foods
73
Q

What are some toxic products for birds

A 
Metals
Paint/varnish
Teflon
Cleaning products
Cigarette smoke
Air fresheners
74
Q

How do you restrain birds?

A

Hold head and stomach/feet area

Towel

75
Q

Describe a healthy bird

A 
Perky and alert
Posture 
Bright eyes
Clean nose
Glossy bright feathers
Hydrated skin on feet
Nails trimmed
Normal stools
Good appetite
Cloaca
76
Q

What are the signs of illness in a bird

A 
Puffy feathers
Droopy wings
Closed eyes
Crusty nose
Hunched position
At cage bottom 
Loss of appetite 
Quiet
77
Q

What are some common avian diseases

A 
Psittacosis
Pbfd
Polyoma virus
Pacheco disease virus
Proventricular dilation disease
Aspergillosis 
Candidiasis
78
Q

What is a common problem with birds feet

A

Bumble foot

79
Q

What is a common problem with the feathers of a bird?

A

Feather cysts

Broken blood feathers

80
Q

What’s a common problem associated with a bird giving birth

A

Egg binding

81
Q

What’s a common skin problem in birds

A

Mites

82
Q

What a common problem with feeding a bird too much

A

Obesity

Fatty liver disease

83
Q

What’s a common problem with birds bones

A

Fractured

84
Q

What are some behavioral issues of birds

A 
Screaming
Biting
Aggression
Destruction
Over preening
Plucking
Mutiliation
85
Q

What is a normal mouth like

A

Good occlusion
All teeth present
Healthy gums
No foul smell

86
Q

What is the canine adult dental formula

A

Incisiors 3/3, canines 1/1, premolars 4/4 molars 2/3

87
Q

How many teeth does an adult canine have

A

42

88
Q

What is the dental formula of an adult feline

A

Incisors 3/3, canines 1/1, premolars 3/2 and molars 1/1

89
Q

How many teeth does an adult feline have

A

30

90
Q

Teeth problems are the most frequent health problem in pets older than ___ years

A

6

91
Q

___-____% of pets examined have some sort of periodontal disease

A

80-85

92
Q

What does periodontal disease cause

A

Systematic problems as well as local ones

93
Q

Why do dental problems typically lead to euthanasia

A

Because it is expensive to get appropriate dental treatment

94
Q

What kind of home care can an owner be doing to take care of their pets teeth

A 
Owner exam + odor
Food
Brushing
Water additives 
Toys
95
Q

What can a vet/tech do to take care of a pets teeth

A

Special products
Dental cleaning
Prevention programs

96
Q

What are the clinical signs of periodontal disease

A 
Halitosis
Gingivitis
Plaque
Pus
Loss of teeth
Pain
97
Q

What is the progression of periodontal disease

A 
Plaque
Gingivitis
Tartar
Inflammation
Gum destroyed
Tooth loss
98
Q

What are some differences between pediatric animals and adult animals

A 
Anatomy and physiology/immunity
Nutrition
Activity 
Behavior/temperament
Medical care
99
Q

What happens at 2-3 days in pediatric development

A

Umbilical cord dries and falls off

100
Q

What happens at 5-14 days in pediatric development

A

Eyelids open

101
Q

What happens at 6-14 days in pediatric development

A

External ear canals open

102
Q

What Happens at 7-14 days in pediatric development

A

Capable of crawling

103
Q

What happens at 14-21 days in pediatric development

A

Walking, urinating and defecating spontaneously

104
Q

What happens at 8 weeks in pediatric development

A

Renal function nears that of an adult

105
Q

What happens in 4-5 months in pediatric development

A

Hepatic function nears that of an adult

106
Q

In puppies , when does the incisors erupt from skin

A

2-3 weeks

107
Q

In puppies when does the canines erupt from the skin

A

3-4 weeks

108
Q

In puppies when do the premolars erupt from the skin

A

3-6 weeks

109
Q

At 12-16 weeks what happens to a dogs teeth

A

The adult incisors come in

110
Q

At 16-20 weeks what happens to a dogs teeth

A

The adult canines come in

111
Q

At 16-24 weeks what happens to a dogs teeth

A

Adult premolars come in

112
Q

At 14-20 weeks what happens to a dogs teeth

A

The adult molars come in

113
Q

In a kitten when do the incisors erupt from the skin

A

3-4 weeks

114
Q

In a kitten when do the canines erupt from the skin

A

3 weeks

115
Q

In a kitten when do the pre molars erupt from the skin

A

4-12 weeks

116
Q

In a cat what happens to their teeth at 12-16 weeks

A

Adult incisors come in

117
Q

In a cat what happens to their teeth at 16-24 weeks

A

Adult canines come in

Adult premolars come in

118
Q

In a cat what happens to their teeth at 20-28 weeks

A

Adult molars come In

119
Q

When do puppies and kittens stop sleeping together

A

5-6 weeks of age

120
Q

How do neonates urinate/defecate

A

Mother stimulates them

121
Q

When does the puppy/kitten receive colostrum

A

Within 2-3 hours up to 24hrs

122
Q

In the first week how many times does a neonate recieve milk

A

4-6 times a day

123
Q

In the second week how many times does a neonate receive milk per day

A

3 times a day

124
Q

When is solid food introduced to neonates

A

3-4 weeks of age

125
Q

When is a neonate completely weaned off of milk

A

6-8 weeks

126
Q

Why is handling neonates often good

A

Stimulates development and sociability

127
Q

When is the imprinting period

A

First 4 months

128
Q

When is the fear period

A

8-12 weeks

129
Q

What is the normal rectal temperature of a neonate in the first week

A

35.6 approx

130
Q

What is the rectal temperature of a neonate in the second week

A

37.0-38.2

131
Q

When does the temperature of a neonate hit adult levels

A

7 weeks

132
Q

What is the normal heart rate in the first week of life

A

220bpm

133
Q

What is the respiratory rate in the first week of life

A

10-35 breaths per minute

134
Q

When does the respiratory rate hit adult level in neonates

A

4 weeks

135
Q

What are three things to remember about pediatrics and why do they occur

A
  1. Hypothermia: greater surface area and less fat
  2. Hypoglycemia: high energy requirement and small stomach
  3. Immature hepatic and renal function: May react unpredictably to drugs
136
Q

What are common neonatal diseases

A 
Trauma and maternal neglect
Hypothermia
Dehydration
Infectious diseases
Septicemia
Swimmers
Hypoglycemia

Basic Animal Care (6 decks)

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