Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GCSE - biology > B8 - exchange and transport > Flashcards

B8 - exchange and transport Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route A flashcards AP® Biology flashcards GCSE Geography - AQA flashcards Biology 101 flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route B flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route B flashcards
1
Q

why do substances need to be exchanged in animals

A

to take in substances that are needed from the environment and get rid of waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what substances need to be exchanged in animals and why?

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide - aerobic respiration
water, food - energy and to stay healthy
urea - diffuses from cells to blood and then removed by kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is diffusion

A

movement of particals going along a concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is osmosis

A

movement of water across a partially permeable membrane going along a concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is active transport

A

movement of particals across a membrane against a concentration gradient, using energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a concentration gradient

A

going along a concentration gradient = from area of high to low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the function of co2 in the body

A

balances gas levels in blood, also is a waste product of aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the function of water in body

A

regulates body temperature and transports substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the function of food in body

A

provides nutrients for a healthy balanced diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is urea

A

waste product that comes out in urine removed from the body by kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what substances are taken in by the body

A

oxygen, water and food molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what substances are excreated from the body?

A

carbon dioxide, urea, water and food molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is surface area

A

measure of exposed area an object has
measured in (x^2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is volume

A

amount of ‘3D’ space a substance occupies
measured in (x^3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is surface area to volume ratio

A

the proportion of surface area of a substance compared to its volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how to calculate SA:V ratio

A

calculate SA and V then write in the form ‘SA:V’ (in its simplest form)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how is a large SA:V ratio more effective

A

The higher the surface area to volume ratio cells have, the more effective the diffusion of materials in and out of the cell can be as there is more exposed edges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the job of the lungs?

A

to transfer o2 to the blood and remove waste co2 from it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where does gas exchange in the lungs happen?

A

millions of little air sacs - alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how are alveoli adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A
  • moist lining, for dissolving gases
  • constant supply of blood to maintain the o2 and co2 concentration gradients
  • walls that are 1 cell thick for a short diffusion pathway
  • large surface area to process large amounts of gases that are breathed in
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the 4 components of blood

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the scientific term for red blood cells?

A

erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the function of red blood cells?

A

carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how are red blood cells adapted to their function?

A

biconcave disc shape- large SA for o2 absorbtion
no nucleus - more room for o2
contain haemoglobin - binds to o2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the scientific names for white blood cells

A

phagocytes and lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what do phagocytes do?

A

change shape to engulf unwelcome microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what do lymphocytes do?

A

produce antibodies against microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are platelets?

A

small fragments of cells without a nucleus that help the blood clot at a wound and stop microorganisms entering the body

29
Q

what is plasma?

A

pale liquid that carries everything in the blood

30
Q

what does plasma carry?

A

rbc, wbc, platelets, nutrients (glucose and amino acids), CO2, urea, proteins, hormones

31
Q

name the types of blood vessel

A

arteries, veins and capillaries

32
Q

what do arteries do?

A

carry oxygenated blood (pulmonary artery is the only exeption) away from the heart to all the bodies tissues

33
Q

what do veins do?

A

carry deoxygenated blood (pulmonary vein is the only exeption) back to the heart when used by body tissues

34
Q

what do capillaries do?

A

small, thin blood vessels that connect the arteries and the veins. involved in the exchange of materials at tissues.

35
Q

how are arteries adapted to their function?

A
  • strong elastic walls to withstand blood that is pumped at high pressures
  • thick walls and narrow lumen to maintain hig presures
  • thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres to allow strech and spring
36
Q

how are veins adapted to their function?

A
  • thinner walls as blood travels at low pressure
  • big lumen to maintain blood flow despite low pressure
  • valves to prevent backflow
37
Q

how are capillaries adapted to their function?

A
  • narrow to get in gaps between cells so blood can get to all the cells in the body
  • permable walls, substances can diffuse in and out
  • one cell thick walls short diffusion pathway to maximise diffusion.
38
Q

what is a double circulatory system?

A

the heart pumps blood around in 2 circuits
1st circuit- heart pumps deoxygenate blood to lungs for O2
2nd circuit- oxygenated blood to rest of body to deliver O2
deoxygenated blood returns back to heart

39
Q

what animals have a single circulatory system?

A

fish

40
Q

describe the flow of blood through the heart

A

deoxygenated:
vena cava, right atrium, right ventrical, pulmonary artery, lungs (and gets oxygenated)
oxygenated:
pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body (and becomes deoxygenated)

41
Q

what is the divide between the left and right side of the heart called?

A

the septum

42
Q

what type of blood does each side of the heart carry?

A

right - deoxygenated
left - oxygenated

43
Q

what is the heart made of?

A

muscle tissue

44
Q

how does blood leave the ventricles?

A

the tissue in the walls contract

45
Q

why does the heart contain valves?

A

to maintain the direction of blood flow and prevent back flow (blood traveling in the wrong direction)

46
Q

why does the left ventricle of the heart more muscular than the right?

A

has to pump blood a further distance (around the whole body) at high pressure

47
Q

where does each side of the heart pump blood?

A

right - lungs
left - body

48
Q

what is heart rate?

A

the number of time the heart beats per minute (bpm)

49
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

volume of blood pumped form left ventricle to aorta per beat (cm3)

50
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

total volume of blood pumped from a ventricle per minute (cm3/min)

51
Q

how to calculate cardiac output?

A

cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

52
Q

what must be remembered when looking at a heart diagram?

A

it is inverted, left is the right side and right is the left side of the heart

53
Q

what is respiration?

A

the process of releasing energy from the breakdown of organic compounds (glucose) - happens in every cell in the body continuously

54
Q

what is energy used for?

A

movement
thermoregulation
chemical reactions (making and breaking down substances, muscle contractions)

55
Q

is respiration exothermic or endothermic?

A

exothermic as transfers energy is into the surroundings.

56
Q

what are the two types of respiration?

A

aerobic and anaerobic respiration

57
Q

what is aerobic respiration?

A

with oxygen, happens when O2 supply is plentiful and it is the most efficient way of transfering energy from glucose. happens all the time in plants and animals

58
Q

what is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen ——> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

59
Q

where in the cell does aerobic respiration take place?

A

mitocondria - very efficient as they have a high SA due to inner folds

60
Q

what is anaerobic respiration?

A

without oxygen, happend when O2 supply is limited and is only 5% as efficient as aerobic respiration

61
Q

what is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

glucose ——> lactic acid (+energy)

62
Q

where in the cell does anaerobic respiration take place?

A

cytoplasm

63
Q

why is lactic acid produced during anaerobic respiration?

A

glucose is only partially broken down so lactic acid is also produced - this builds up in the muscles and can be painful and lead to cramps

64
Q

why does the body sometimes need to respire anaerobically?

A

during (and after) vigorous exercise, body cant supply enough O2 to muscles for aerobic respiration - even though HR and breathing rate increase, muscles have to respire anaerobically aswell.

65
Q

what is oxygen debt?

A

build up of lactic acid = not enough O2
it is the amount of oxygen required to remove the lactic acid, and replace the body’s reserves of oxygen

66
Q

what is an independant variable?

A

variable you change

67
Q

what is dependant variable?

A

variable you measure

68
Q

what is control variable?

A

variable you kee the same for a fair test

69
Q

what does rate of respiration practical show?

A

as temperature increases, rate of respiration increases as enzymes work faster in high temps

GCSE - biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions