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GCSE - biology > B2 - cells and control > Flashcards

B2 - cells and control Flashcards

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1
Q

what part of cell contains chromosomes

A

nucleus

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2
Q

what are chromosomes

A

coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

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3
Q

how many copies of chromosomes do cells have

A

two copies of each, theyre diploid cells, one from mother and one from father

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4
Q

how do cells divide

A

cell cycle, the stage where cells actually divides is called mitosis

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5
Q

what is mitosis

A

asexual reproduction, used in multicellular organisms to grow/ replace damaged cells

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6
Q

what are the stages of the cell cycle

A
  • interphase
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
  • cytokenisis
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7
Q

which stages of the cell cycle are part of mitosis

A
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
    (PMAT)
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8
Q

interphase

A
  • DNA in the chromosomes duplicates
  • Sub cellular structures also duplicate
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9
Q

prophase

A
  • DNA in chromosomes condenses
  • Nuclear membrane, breaks down chromosomes lie free in the cytoplasm
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10
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up along the centre of the cell

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11
Q

anaphase

A
  • chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of the cell
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12
Q

telophase

A
  • New nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes at each end of the cell
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13
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm and cell membrane divide forming two genetically, identical daughter cells

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14
Q

what is growth

A

increase in size or mass

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15
Q

cell differentiation

A

cell becomes specialised for a job

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16
Q

cell division

A

mitosis

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17
Q

cell elongation

A

plant cell expands causing plant to grow

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18
Q

how are tumours formed

A

when cell begins to divide uncontrollably due to a change in one of the genes that controls cell division resulting in a mass of cells

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19
Q

how does cancer occur

A

when a tumor invades and destroys healthy tissue

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20
Q

what are percentile charts used for

A

assess a childs growth over time to show an overall pattern of development and highlight any problems

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21
Q

what 3 measurements are used to monitor a babies growth

A
  • height
  • weight
  • head circumference
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22
Q

which percentile is average

A

50%

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23
Q

what are stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells, can divide by mitosis forming new cells which can then differentiate

24
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

found in early human embryos, can divide and produce any kind of cell

25
Q

adult stem cells

A

only found in places such as bone marrow and arent as versitile as embryonic stem cells, can only produce certain types of cell

26
Q

what are adult stem cells used for

A

replace damaged cells eg. new skin cells or blood cells

27
Q

where are stem cells found in plants

A

meristem

28
Q

what is meristem

A

found in growing areas of plants eg. roots and shoots
Contains undifferentiated cells (stem cells)

29
Q

what do meristems do

A

produce unspecialised cells that can differentiate into any kind of cell needed (like embryonic cells) as long as the plant lives

30
Q

medical advantages of stem cells

A
  • cure diseases eg. Sickle cell anaemia
  • extract stem cells from embryos used to differentiate into specific specialised cells
  • replace damaged or diseased cells
31
Q

risks of using stem cells medically

A
  • tumor development
  • transmitting diseases already inside cells
  • rejection
32
Q

what is a stimulus

A

a change in environment detected by sensory receptors

33
Q

what is response

A

A change in behaviour in response to a stimulus.

34
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS) made of?

A

brain and spinal cord

35
Q

What is the nervous system for?

A

It is an organ system that allows allows your body to communicate, using electrical signals called impulses.

36
Q

What is a sense organ? Give an example.

A

An organ that contains receptor cells to detect stimuli. E.g. eyes

37
Q

How does the body create a response to a stimulus?

A

Sense organs contain receptor cells. When these receptor cells detect a stimulus, they create impulses which usually travels to the brain. The brain then processes this information and can send impulses to other parts of the body to cause a response.

38
Q

What are different steps to get from a stimulus to a response for a normal action?

A

Stimulus
- receptor
- sensory neurone
- CNS
- motor neurone
- effector
Response

39
Q

what happens when a stimulus is detected by a receptor

A

info is converted to an electrical impulse and sent along sensory nurones to CNS

40
Q

what is reaction time

A

time it takes to respond to a stimulus

41
Q

3 types of nurone

A

motor, relay and sensory

42
Q

sensory nurone

A
  • long dendron carries impulse from receptor to cell body

- short axon carries impulse from cell body to CNS

43
Q

motor nurone

A
  • many short dendrites carry impulses from CNS to cell body

- long axon carries impulse from cell body to effector cells

44
Q

relay nuron

A
  • many short dendrites carry impulses from sensory nurones to cell body
  • axon carries impulse from cell body to motor nurone
45
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulates neurone to speed up the transmission of electrical impulses
- sensory, motor and relay can be myelinated or unmyelinated

46
Q

synapse

A

connection between two nurones

47
Q

why does transmission of nervous impulse slow down at a synapse

A

diffusion of neurotransmitters across the gap takes time

48
Q

what is a reflex

A
  • rapid, automatic responses to a stimuli that bypasses the brain
  • can reduce chance of injury
49
Q

reflex arc

A

the passage of information in a reflex (receptor to effector)

50
Q

where do reflex arcs go through in nurones

A

spinal cord or an unconcious part of brain

51
Q

Pathway of a reflex arc

A

Stimulus, receptor, sensory neuron, relay neurone, motor neurone, effector ——> RESPONSE

52
Q

how to calc % change

A

((final value-start value)/start value)x100

53
Q

What happens during the reflex arc?

A
  • receptor detects, a stimulus initiating an electrical impulse
  • The electrical impulse passes along the sensory relay and motor neurons to the effector
  • The effector carries out a response, e.g. muscle contracts or gland secretes hormone
54
Q

What happens at the synapse?

A
  • neurone releases neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synapse
  • Neurotransmitter attaches to next neurone triggering another electrical impulse
55
Q

Where are relay neurones

A

In the spinal chord

56
Q

Why are percentile charts used

A
  • Can highlight developmental problems
  • Useful as action can still be taken, e.g. change in diet or surgery

GCSE - biology (9 decks)

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