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GCSE - biology > B7 - animal co-ordination, control and homeostasis > Flashcards

B7 - animal co-ordination, control and homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemical messengers released directly into blood and carried around the body

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2
Q

what do hormones effect?

A

particular cells in particular organs (target organs)

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3
Q

what do hormones control?

A

substances in organs and cells that require constant adjustment

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4
Q

where are hormones produced (and secreated)?

A

endocrine glands

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5
Q

what do endocrine glands make up?

A

endocrine system

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6
Q

name the 6 endocrine glands

A
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • adrenal glands
  • pancreas
  • ovaries
  • testes
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7
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • in the brain
  • produces many hormones that regulate body conditions
  • sometimes called ‘master gland’ because these hormones act on other glands, directing them to release hormones that bring about change
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8
Q

thyroid gland

A
  • in neck just infront of trachea
  • produces thyroxine
  • thyroxine is envolved in regulation of metabolic rate, heartrate, temperature
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9
Q

adrenal glands

A
  • produce adrenaline used to prep body for fight or flight response
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10
Q

pancreas

A
  • produces insulin and glucagon used to regulate blood glucose level
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11
Q

ovaries

A
  • produce oestrogen involved in the menstrual cycle
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12
Q

testes

A
  • produce testosterone (male sex hormone)
  • testosterone contols puberty and sperm production
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13
Q

nervous response (neurones)

A
  • very fast action
  • act for short time
  • precise area
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14
Q

hormonal response

A
  • slower action
  • act for a long time
  • act in a more general way
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15
Q

how to tell if response is nervous?

A

if it is really quick info is passed to effectors quickly eg. hot surface

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16
Q

how to tell if response is hormonal?

A

lasts a long time eg. adrenaline kicks in quiclky but effects last for a while after (feel wobbly)

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17
Q

where is adrenaline secreated?

A

adrenal glands above the kidneys

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18
Q

function of adrenaline?

A

prepares body for fight or flight response

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19
Q

what is fight or flight response?

A

standing ground, or runnung away from a threat

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20
Q

how does adrenaline induce fight or flight respone?

A
  • binds to specific receptors in the heart causing heart muscle to contract with more frequency and force causing heart rate and blood pressure to increase
  • this increases blood flow to muscles, and cells recieve more O2 and glucose for increased respiration
  • also binds to receptors in liver, liver breaks down glycogen stores releasing glucose
  • increases blood glucose levels, more glucose in the blood to be transported to cells
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21
Q

what causes adrenaline to be realeased?

A
  • brain detects stressful situation
  • sends nervous impulse to adrenal glands
  • adrenal glands release adrenaline, body preps for action
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22
Q

adrenaline target organs?

A

heart and liver

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23
Q

negative feedback?

A

when body detects the level of a substance has gone above/below average level triggers response to bring it back to normal

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24
Q

why does body use negative feedback?

A

contol levels of hormones and substances in blood

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25
Q

where is thyroxine released?

A

thyroid gland

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26
Q

function of thyroxine?

A

important role regulating metabolic rate

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27
Q

define metabolic rate

A

the speed at which oxygen and food products react to release energy

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28
Q

what is the effect of thyroxine on metabolic rate?

A

underactive thyroid gland can cause weight gain as less thyroxine is produced and metabolic rate drops.
lower metabolic rate = less glucose is broken down in respiration and more is stored as fat

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29
Q

what causes blood thyroxine levels to be kept at the right level?

A

negative feedback system

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30
Q

low blood thyroxine - negative feedback?

A
  • low levels stimulate hypothalmus to release TRH
  • TRH stimulates pituitary gland to release TSH
  • TSH stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroxine and levels rise
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31
Q

high blood thyroxine - negative feedback?

A
  • release of TRH from hypothalmus inhibited
  • reduces TSH production
  • thyroid produces less thyroxine
  • thyroxine levels fall
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32
Q

TRH

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone

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33
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

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34
Q

hypothalmus

A

a structure in the brain that produces hormones

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35
Q

thyroxine target organ

A

most tissues

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36
Q

what is the mestrual cycle?

A

monthly sequence of events where female body releases an egg and preps uterus for if the egg is fertilised

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37
Q

stage 1 menstrual cycle

A

day 1- menstruation begins , lining of uterus breaks down and is released (period)

38
Q

stage 2 menstrual cycle

A

day4-14 - uterus lining is repaired, becomes thick, spongy full of blood vessels ready for (possible) fertilised egg to implant

39
Q

stage 3 menstrual cycle

A

day 14- ovulation occurs, (egg develops and released by ovary)

40
Q

stage 4 menstrual cycle

A

day14-28 - lining maintained, if no fertilised egg implants, breaks down

41
Q

what are th 4 hormones in menstrual cycle?

A

FSH
LH
oestrogen
progesterone

42
Q

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

A
  • released by pituitary gland
  • causes follicle (egg and surrounding cells) to mature in an ovary
  • stimulates production of oestrogen
43
Q

oestrogen

A
  • released by ovaries
  • causes uterus lining to thicken and grow
  • high levels stimulate LH surge (rapid increase)
44
Q

LH (luteinising hormone)

A
  • released by pituitary gland
  • stimulates ovulation, follicle ruptures and egg is released
  • stimulates remains of follicle to develop into corpus luteum which secrestes progesterone
45
Q

progesterone

A
  • released by corpus luteum after ovulation
  • maintains uterus lining
  • inhibits release of FSH and LH
  • when levels fall (due to no fertilisation), and theres low oestrogen lining breaksdown
  • low progesteron = FSH increase and cycle restarts
46
Q

why period stop when pregnant?

A

if fertilised egg implants (pregnant) progesterone levels stay high (placenta produces progesterone) to maintain lining during pregnancy

47
Q

what does infertile mean?

A

when a person cannot reproduce naturally

48
Q

what are the 2 ART?

A
  • clomifene therapy
  • in vitro fertilisation (IVF)
49
Q

clomifene therapy

A
  • if infertile because of no or irregular ovulation
  • take drug called clomifene
  • causes more FSH and LH to be realeased into the body stimulating egg maturation and ovulation
  • by knowing person is ovulating, couple can have intercourse inc. chance of pregnancy
50
Q

IVF

A
  • collecting egg from ovaries fertilising in lab with sperm and grown into embryos
  • when one or two are balls of cells, transferred back to uterus to inc chance of pregancy
  • FSH and LH given before egg extraction to stim egg production (+1 egg collected)
51
Q

ART

A

assisted reproductive technonlogy

52
Q

hormonal contraceptive - oestrogen

A
  • used to prevent the release of an egg

-even though oestrogen helps stimulate the release of eggs. If taken every day, the level remains high and inhibits FSH production.

  • After a while egg development and production stops
53
Q

Hormonal contraceptive – progesterone

A
  • can be used to reduce fertility
  • Stimulates production of cervical mucus, preventing any sperm getting through the cervix and reaching egg
  • high progesterone means inhibits production of FSH and LH so no egg is developed / released
54
Q

oestrogen and progesterone contraceptive

A

combined pill and contraceptive patch

55
Q

progesterone only contraceptive

A

mini-pill and contraceptive injection

56
Q

what is a barrier method

A

putting a physical barrier between the sperm and egg so they dont meet

57
Q

examples of barrier methods

A

condoms (male and female)
diaphragm (fit over opening of uterus) must be used with spermicide (chemical that kills sperm)

58
Q

pros of hormonal contraceptives

A

more effective at preventing pregnancy than barrier methods

59
Q

cons of hormonal contraceptive

A

side effects eg. headaches, acne, moodchanges
don’t protect against STI’s (only condoms do))

60
Q

pros of barrier method

A

prevents sti (CONDOMS ONLY)

61
Q

cons of barrier methods

A

can tear

62
Q

other methods of contraception

A

intrauterine method (eg. IUD)
abstinence (not having intercourse)
surgical methods (irreversible)

63
Q

define homeostatsis

A

the body’s maintaining of a constant internal environment so everything works properly

64
Q

why is maintaining a constant enternal environment important?

A

cells need right conditions to function properly and for enzymic action

65
Q

how does the body maintain a constant internal environment?

A

Homeostasis typically involves negative feedback loops that counteract changes of various conditions

66
Q

examples of homeostasis

A
  • blood glucose regulation
  • osmoregulation (water content)
  • thermoregulation (body temp regulation)
  • NEGATIVE FEEDBACK RESPONSES
67
Q

how does glucose enter the body? (levels increase)

A

when eating foods that contain carbohydrates

68
Q

how does glucose enter the blood?

A

from the small intestine

69
Q

how is glucose removed from blood? (levels decrease)

A

normal metabolism of cells eg. respiration
exercising vigourously

70
Q

what is glycogen?

A

the store of excess glucose in the muscles and LIVER
made up of many connected glucose molecules

71
Q

how does weight gain (glucose related) occur? (idk if relevant)

A

when glycogen stores are full, excess glucose is stored as lipid (fat) in tissue

72
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A

monoitors and controls blood glucose levels

73
Q

what hormones does pancreas secrete?

A

insulin (high blood glucose)
glucagon (low blood glucose)

74
Q

high blood glucose process

A
  • high blood glucose detected
  • pancreas secretes insulin
  • insulin moves glucose from blood into liver (amd muscle cells)
  • liver turns glucose into glycogen
  • blood glucose is reduced
75
Q

low blood glucose process

A
  • low blood glucose detected
  • pancreas secretes glucagon
  • glucagon makes liver break glycogen down to glucose
  • glucose released bck into blood
  • blood glucose increases
76
Q

insulin and glucagon target organ

A

liver

77
Q

what is type 1 diabetes?

A

condition where pancreas produces little-no insulin (inadequete amount), can cause persons blood glucose levels to rise to a fatal amount

78
Q

how type 1 diabetes is treated?

A

inulin injections into fatty tissue beneath skin so it can enter bloodstream
done at mealtimes to remove glucose from blood quickly once digested
very effective
amount depends on persons diet and physical activity

79
Q

life style treatments for type 1 diabetes?

A

limiting intake of foods with high simple carb content (sugar)
regular exersie (glucose used up more)

80
Q

causes of type 1 diabetes

A

genetics
thought cause: immune system attacking healthy insulin-producing betacells

81
Q

symptoms of type 1 diabetes

A

frequent urination, always thirsty, tired, weight loss

82
Q

hypogycaemia

A

low blood sugar
cause confusion, unconciousness even coma (extreme)

83
Q

hyperglycaemia

A

high blood sugar
cause exhastion and blurred vision

84
Q

what is type 2 diabetes?

A

condition when a person becomes insulin resistant (body doesn’t respond to insulin)

85
Q

how type 2 diabetes is treated?

A

healthy diet, exercise, weight loss (if needed)

86
Q

risk factors of type 2 diabetes

A

40+ years, obesity eg.excess fat around abdomen

87
Q

what is classified as obese

A

30+ BMI

88
Q

BMI formula

A

BMI = mass (kg)/ height² (m)

89
Q

waist-to-hip ratio formula

A

waist-to-hip ratio = waist circumference (cm) / hip circumference (cm)

90
Q

what waist-to-hip ratio cause inc risk of type 2 diabetes?

A

1.0 men
0.85 women

91
Q

what does waist-to-hip ratio indicate?

A

how fat is stored in body

GCSE - biology (9 decks)

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