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GCSE - biology > B1 - key concepts in biology > Flashcards

B1 - key concepts in biology Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two types of cell

A

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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2
Q

difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A
  • eukaryotic: plants and animal cells, membrane bound organelles
  • prokaryotic: bacteria, unicellular organism
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3
Q

what is a eukaryote

A

an organism made up of eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

what is a prokayote

A

a prokaryotic cell, single celled organism

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5
Q

subcellular structures of animal cells

A
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
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6
Q

subcellular structures of plant cells

A
  • same as animal cells, as well as:
  • cell wall
  • large vacuole
  • chloroplasts
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7
Q

subcellular structures of bacterial cells

A
  • chromosomal DNA
  • ribosomes
  • plasmid DNA
  • flagellum
  • cell wall
  • cytoplasm
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8
Q

function of nucleus

A
  • contains genetic info
  • controls activity of cell
  • genetic info arranged into chromosomes
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9
Q

function of cytoplasm

A
  • where most chemical reactions occur
  • contains enzymes that control chemical reations
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10
Q

function of cell membrane

A
  • holds cell together
  • controls what goes in and out
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11
Q

function of mitochondria

A
  • where respiration occurs (aerobic)
  • respiration transfers energy the cell needs to work
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12
Q

function of ribosomes

A
  • involved in translation of genetic material and protein synthesis
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13
Q

function of cell wall

A
  • made of cellulose (only in plants)
  • supports and strengthens the cell
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14
Q

function of large vacuole

A
  • contains cell sap (weak mix of sugar and salts)
  • maintains internal pressure to support cell
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15
Q

function of chloroplasts

A
  • where photosynthesis occurs
  • contains chlorophyll
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16
Q

function of chromosomal DNA

A
  • controls cells activity and replication
  • floats free in cytoplasm
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17
Q

function of plasmid DNA

A
  • small loops of extra DNA
  • contain genes for drug resistance
  • can be passed between bacteria
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18
Q

function of flagellum

A
  • hairlike structure rotates to make bacterium move
  • used to move away from toxins
  • used to move towards nutrients and oxygen
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19
Q

what is a specialised cell

A

cells with a structure that is adapted to their specific function

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20
Q

examples of specialised cells

A
  • sperm cell
  • egg cell
  • ciliated epithelial cell
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21
Q

how is an egg cell adapted to its function

A
  • nutrients in cytoplasm which supplies energy the embryo needs to grow
  • haploid nucleus
  • membrane (jelly coat) hardens after fertilisation to prevent more sperm getting in
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22
Q

how is an sperm cell adapted to its function (4)

A
  • long tail to swim to egg
  • lots of mitocondria in mid section to release energy allowing to swim to egg cell
  • acrosome (at front of head) stores enzymes to digest membrane of egg cell
  • haplod nucleus
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23
Q

how is an ciliated epithelial cell adapted to its function

A
  • line surfaces of organs and airways
  • cilia (hairlike structures) ontop of cell that move substances such as mucus away from lungs
24
Q

define haploid

A

contains half amount of genetic info (chromosomes) of an average body cell

25
Q

define diploid

A

contains a full set of genetic information

26
Q

what is a light microscope

A
  • pass light through a specimen
  • allow us to see nuclei and chloroplasts
  • can be used to study living cells
27
Q

disadvantage of light microscope

A
  • limited magnification
  • limited resolution
28
Q

what is an electron microscope

A
  • pass electrons through specimen
  • see internal structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts
  • greater understanding of how cells and subcellular structures work
29
Q

advantages of electron microscope

A
  • greater magnification
  • greater resolution
    (than light microscope)
30
Q

disadvantage of electron microscope

A

cant be used to observe living cells

31
Q

what is resolution

A

how clearly an image appears

32
Q

total magnification

A

eyepiece lens x objective lens

33
Q

magnification

A

image size/ actual size

34
Q

units of measure in order from largest to smallest

A

millimetre
micrometre
nanometre
picometre

35
Q

millimetre (mm)

A
  • convert to micrometre: x1000
  • standard form: x10^-3m
36
Q

micrometre (μm)

A
  • convert to millimetre: ÷1000
  • convert to nanometre: x1000
  • standard form: x10^-6m
37
Q

nanometre (nm)

A
  • convert to micrometre: ÷1000
  • convert to picometre: x1000
  • standard form: x10^-9m
38
Q

picometre (pm)

A
  • convert to nanometre: ÷1000
  • standard form: x10^-12m
39
Q

what are enzymes

A

biological catalysts

40
Q

what is a catalyst

A

something that speeds up a chemical reaction w/o being used up

41
Q

what do chemical reactions involve

A

substances being split apart and joined together

42
Q

what is a substrate

A

the molecule changed in the reaction

43
Q

what part of an enzyme makes it particular to a substrate

A

active site

44
Q

how do substrate and active site join together

A

lock and key mechanism

45
Q

effect of temperature on enzyme rate of reaction

A
  • increasing temp increases rate at first
  • gets too hot and the enzymes denature substrate wont fit
  • enzymes have an optimum temp they work best at
46
Q

effect of PH on enzyme rate of reaction

A
  • if PH is too high or low, enzyme will denature
  • all enzymes have an optimum PH, often neutral (7) but not always
47
Q

effect of substrate conc on enzyme rate of reaction

A
  • higher substrate conc, faster rate of reaction as it is more likley for enzyme and substrate to meet
  • up to a certain point, all active sites are full, adding more makes no diff
48
Q

what can enzymes do

A

break down large molecules
build small molecules back up

49
Q

what enzyme breaks down starch

A

amylase into maltose

50
Q

what enzyme breaks down protein

A

protease into amino acids

51
Q

what enzyme breaks down fat

A

lipase into fatty acids and glycerol

52
Q

diffusion

A

net movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration (along conc grad)

53
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane along a conc grad

54
Q

active transport

A

movement of particles across a membrane against a conc grad using energy from respiration

55
Q

Describe how the lock and key mechanism works

A
  • enzymes bind to the substrate as they are complimentary
  • The substrate is broken down into products
  • The products are then released

GCSE - biology (9 decks)

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