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GCSE - biology > B5 - health and disease > Flashcards

B5 - health and disease Flashcards

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1
Q

define ‘health’

A

a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease

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2
Q

define ‘disease’

A

an abnormal condition that causes part of an organism not to function properly

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of disease

A

communicable
non-communicable

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4
Q

what is a communicable disease

A

diseases that can be spread between individuals, caused by pathogens

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5
Q

what is a non-communicable disease

A

diseases that cannot be transmitted between individuals

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6
Q

examples of communicable disease

A
  • cholera
  • tubercolosis
  • malaria
  • chalara dieback
  • HIV
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7
Q

examples of non-communicable disease

A
  • cancer
  • diabetes
  • cardiovascular disease
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8
Q

what is a pathogen

A

a micro-organism that causes disease

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9
Q

examples of pathogens

A

bacteria, virus, protist, fungi

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10
Q

what is a toxin

A

a harmful chemical produced by a microorganism

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11
Q

what pathogen causes cholera + symptoms + how it spreads

A

bacterium
- diarrhoea
- contaminated water supplies

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12
Q

what pathogen causes tuberculosis + symptoms + how it spreads

A

bacterium
- coughing, lung damage and fever
- through the air when infected people cough/ sneeze/ breathe

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13
Q

what pathogen causes malaria+ symptoms + how it spreads

A

protist
- damage to RBC and (extreme) liver
- mosquitos

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14
Q

what pathogen causes chalara dieback + symptoms + how it spreads

A

fungus
- lesions on branches, dead leaves and branches
- through the air by the wind, when disease trees move between areas

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15
Q

what is the host of chalara dieback

A

ash trees

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16
Q

how to reduce the spread of cholera

A

ensure people have access to clean water supplies

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17
Q

how to reduce the spread of tuberculosis

A

infected people should avaoid public places, practice good hygine, sleep alone in a well ventilated room

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18
Q

how to reduce the spread of malaria

A

use mosquito nets and inscet repellent to prevent being bitten by mosquitos carrying the disease

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19
Q

how to reduce the spread of chalara dieback

A

remove infected ash trees, replant with a different species
restrict the import/ movement of ash trees

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20
Q

what is a vector, give eg.

A

organisms that carry a disease and transmit it between organisms
eg. mosquitos transmit malaria

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21
Q

what is non-specific defence

A

features of the body that’ll fight any type of pathogen that they come across, not specific to a particular type of disease

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22
Q

what are the 2 types of non-specific defense

A

physical and chemical barriers

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23
Q

examples of physical barriers

A
  • skin: barrier to pathogens, if cut blood quickly clots to seal microorganisms out
  • hair and mucus in nose: trap particles that may contain pathogens
  • cells in airways/lungs: produce mucus to trap pathogens, have cilia to waft mucus back up throat to be swallowed
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24
Q

examples of chemical barriers

A
  • stomach acid: contains hydrochloric acid which kills most swallowed pathogens
  • lysozyme: produced by eyes in tears, killls any bacteria on the surface of the eye
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25
Q

what are STIs, give eg

A

infections that are spread through sexual contact eg. sexual intercourse
- eg. HIV and Chlamydia

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26
Q

what do viruses have to do in order to reproduce

A

infect living cells (host cells)
- specific viruses only infect specific cells

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27
Q

what does HIV stand for

A

human immunodeficiency virus

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28
Q

what does HIV do

A
  • infects and kills white blood cells, weakening the immune system
  • eventually leads to AIDS
  • causing the infected person’s immune system to deteriorate and eventually fail
  • they become vulnerable to opportunistic infections from other pathogens
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29
Q

how is HIV spread

A

through the transmission of infected bodily fluids eg. blood, semen, vaginal fluids

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30
Q

ways to reduce the spread of HIV

A
  • use a condom in intercourse
  • drug users avoid sharing needles
  • medication so infected people are less likely to pass virus on to others eg. during intercourse/ pregnant woman onto her baby
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31
Q

what is chlamydia

A
  • a bacterium that behaves similarly to a virus as it can only reproduce inside host cells
  • doesn’t always cause symptoms, but can lead to infertility in men and women
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32
Q

ways to reduce the spread of chlamydia

A
  • use a condom in intercouse
  • regular screening so people can be treated for the infection
  • avoid sexual contact
33
Q

what happens if a pathogen makes it inside the body

A

the immune system protects the body by attacking the pathogens

34
Q

what is an antigen

A

a molecule on the outside of a pathogent that triggers an immune response

35
Q

how does the immune system attack a pathogen

A
  • a pathogen with an antigen on the surface enters the body
  • antigen is detected
  • lymphocytes produce antibodies that fit specifically to the antigen
  • WBC produces many antibodies that flow around body killing all similar pathogens
36
Q

what is the response like when a pathogen enters the body for the first time, why

A

slow, because there aren’t many b-lymphocytes that can make the antibody needed to lock on to the antigen

37
Q

how does the body overcome an infection the first time

A

after a while the body produces enough of the right antibody to overcome the infection, meanwhile the infected person will show symptoms of the disease

38
Q

what is produced as well as antibodies in response to a foreign antigen

A

memory lymphocytes

39
Q

what are memory lymphocytes

A

lymphocytes that remain in the body for a long time and ‘remember’ how the antibodies for a specific antigen were made

40
Q

what happens if the same pathogen enters the body again

A

Memory lymphocytes recognise the antigen and produce antibodies to destroy it much faster

41
Q

what is the secondary immune response against a pathogen like

A

faster and stronger than the first time, it often gets rid of a pathogen before symptoms begin to show

42
Q

what can you do to avoid getting ill (vaccine)

A

you can be immunised eg. measles

43
Q

what does immunisation involve

A
  • injecting dead or inactive, antigenic pathogens into the body
  • even though they’re harmless the body produces antibodies to help destroy them
44
Q

what does antigenic mean

A

they carry antigens

45
Q

how does immunisation help in the long term

A
  • the antigens also cause the production memory lymphocytes
  • if live pathogens of the same type enter the body, the memory lymphocytes will cause the secondary immune response
46
Q

what is herd immunity

A

when enough people have immunity to a pathogen so that infection is much less likely to occur and spread

47
Q

how do antibiotics work

A

Kill bacteria by inhibiting processes in bacterial cells but not in the host organism
eg. some prevent the build up of bacterial cell walls preventing bacteria from dividing, doesn’t affect host as human cells don’t have cell walls

48
Q

drawbacks of antibiotics, why

A
  • don’t destroy viruses
  • viruses reproduce inside body cells, this makes it difficult to develop drugs that destroy the virus without destroying the host’s body cells
49
Q

define antibiotic

A

medicines that inhibit cell processes in bacteria

50
Q

what are the 2 stages of testing

A

preclinical
clinical

51
Q

what is the first stage of preclinical testing

A

lab testing on human cells or tissues, checks the safety and toxicity

52
Q

limitations of testing on human cells and tissues

A
  • can’t be used to test drugs that affect the whole or multiple body systems
  • eg. blood pressure drugs must be tested on the whole animal
53
Q

what is the second stage of preclinical testing

A

testing on live animals
- tests how the drug work, toxicity, dosage on a whole organism

54
Q

first stage of clinical trials

A
  • tested on heathy volunteers
  • to ensure there are no harmful side effects when the body is working normally
55
Q

second stage of clinical testing

A
  • testing on people with the illness
  • finds the optimum dose: most effective, and fewest side effects
56
Q

how are clinical trials undertaken

A
  • patients put randomly in 2 groups
  • one group given the new drug, other given a placebo
57
Q

how are placebo trials done

A
  • blind
  • the patient doesn’t know whether they’re getting real or placebo
  • often double blind
  • the doctor also doesn’t know
58
Q

why do the doctors often not know in placebo trials

A
  • so the doctors monitoring the patients and analysing patients aren’t influenced by their knowledge
59
Q

what is the final stage of clinical trials

A

final testing and licensing
- large scale
- still has to be monitored

60
Q

what happens once a drug passes all the tests

A

needs to be approved by a medical agency

61
Q

what are non-communicable diseases caused by

A

they’re not caused by pathogens
- there are risk factors that can increase the likelihood that a person will develop a disease

62
Q

what are the 2 types of risk factor

A
  • unavoidable: age, gender
  • lifestyle factors: smoking, alcohol consumption
63
Q

define malnutrition

A

a disease caused by a diet with too many or too few nutrients

64
Q

what is the link between alcohol and liver disease

A

drinking a large amount of alcohol causes cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) as alcohol is broken down by enzymes in the liver, and some products are toxic

if over a long time, can cause permanent liver damage

65
Q

the effects of alcohol consumption on liver disease at local levels

A
  • areas with high alc consumption increases risk of liver disease which puts a strain on local hospital resources
66
Q

the effects of alcohol consumption on liver disease at national levels

A
  • costly for the NHS that provides resources for treatment all over the UK
  • people suffering from non-communicable disease may not be able to work, can affect the economy
67
Q

the effects of alcohol consumption on liver disease at global levels

A
  • high cost and occurrence of a disease can hold back the development of a country
68
Q

how to measure bmi

A

mass/height^2

69
Q

what bmi is considered overweight and obese

A

overweight - over 25
obese - over 30

70
Q

how to calculate waist to hip ratio

A

waist circ/ hip circ

71
Q

what does waist to hip ratio indicate, what measure is overweight

A

how much fat is stored around the abdomen
females - 0.85
males - 1.0

72
Q

how does smoking correlate with CVD

A
  • nicotine: increases HR and BP
  • high BP: damages artery walls which causes build up of fatty deposits which restrict blood flow and inc risk of heart attack or stroke
  • smoking: inc risk of blood clots in arteries limiting blood flow, inc risk of heart attack or stroke
73
Q

how do fatty deposits in arteries increase risk of heart attack or stroke

A
  • trigger blood clots which can block blood flow (completely)
  • in an artery supplying heart muscle = no oxygen to heart = heart attack
  • block to brain = brain has no O2 = stroke
74
Q

what lifestyle changes are used to treat CVD

A
  • balanced diet low in sat fats
  • regular exercise
  • weight loss (if ness)
  • quit smoking (if ness)
    recommend before other treatments as there don’t tend to be downsides
75
Q

what medicines (drugs) are used to treat CVD

A
  • statins: reduce cholesterol in blood
  • anticoagulants: make blood clots less likely to form
  • antihypertensives: decrease blood pressure prevent damage to blood vessels
76
Q

negatives of drugs used to treat CVD

A
  • statins: aching muscles, sometimes liver damage
  • anticoagulants: can cause excessive bleeding
  • antihypertensives: headaches and fainting
77
Q

what surgical procedures are used to treat CVD

A
  • stents: tubes inserted inside arteries to ensure blood can pass through to heart
  • coronary bypass surgery: healthy, piece of vessel to bypass a blocked one
  • donor hearts: replace whole heart
78
Q

negatives of surgical procedures used to treat CVD

A
  • stents: irritate artery causing to narrow again
  • donor heart: drugs taken so body doesn’t go into rejection can inc risk of infection
79
Q

risks of heart surgery

A

bleeding
clots
infection

GCSE - biology (9 decks)

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