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BMB Test 3 > B7.061 Thalamus and Hypothalamus > Flashcards

B7.061 Thalamus and Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

function of the thalamus

A

last synaptic relay station in ascending pathways before they reach the cerebral cortex
“gateway to the cerebral cortex”
contains specific and diffuse projection nuclei

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2
Q

how are the thalamus and cortex connected

A

reciprocally

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3
Q

embryonic origin of thalamus

A

diencephalon (along w hypothalamus)

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4
Q

function of internal medullary lamina

A 
fiber bundle that divides the thalamus into 3 regions
1. medial
2. lateral
3. anterior
also contains intralaminar nuclei
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5
Q

lateral nuclear group

A 
ventral anterior
lateral dorsal
ventral lateral
lateral posterior
ventral posterior lateral 
ventral posterior medial
lateral geniculate
medial geniculate
pulvinar
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6
Q

how do thalamic nuclei receive input

A

from specific subcortical regions

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7
Q

input to anterior nucleus

A

mammillothalamic tract

fornix

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8
Q

input to ventral anterior

A

motor nuclei:
substantia nigra pars reticulata
internal globus pallidus
deep cerebellar nuclei

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9
Q

input to ventral lateral

A

motor nuclei:
internal globus pallidus
deep cerebellar nuclei
substantia nigra pars reticulata

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10
Q

input to ventral posterior lateral

A

somatic sensation of body:
medial lemniscus
spinothalamic

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11
Q

input to ventral posterior medial

A

somatic sensory of face:
trigeminal lemniscus
trigeminothalamic tract
gustatory input

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12
Q

input to lateral geniculate

A

optic tract

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13
Q

input to medial geniculate

A

inferior colliculus

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14
Q

input to pulvinar

A

multisensory:
superior colliculus
tectum (extrageniculate visual pathways)
other sensory inputs

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15
Q

input to intralaminar nuclei

A

internal globus pallidus
brainstem reticular formation
sensory pathways

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16
Q

input to medial group

A

amygdala
olfactory cortex
basal ganglia

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17
Q

output of anterior nucleus

A

cingulate gyrus (Papez circuit)

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18
Q

output of ventral anterior

A

frontal cortex

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19
Q

output of ventral lateral

A

motor and premotor cortex

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20
Q

output of ventral posterior lateral

A

somatosensory cortex

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21
Q

output of ventral posterior medial

A

somatosensory cortex

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22
Q

output of lateral dorsal

A

cingulate gyrus (Papez circuit)

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23
Q

output of medial group

A

prefrontal cortex

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24
Q

output of intralaminar nuclei

A

widespread cortical region

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25
Q

output of pulvinar

A

parieto-occipital cortex

26
Q

output of medial geniculate

A

auditory cortex

27
Q

output of lateral genicular

A

visual cortex

28
Q

function of ventral posterior lateral

A

relays somatosensory spinal inputs to cortex

29
Q

function of ventral posterior medial

A

relays somatosensory cranial nerve inputs and taste to cortex

30
Q

function of lateral geniculate

A

relays visual inputs to cortex

31
Q

function of medial geniculate nucleus

A

relays auditory inputs to cortex

32
Q

function of ventral lateral nucleus

A

relays basal ganglia and cerebellar inputs to cortex
major motor relay nucleus between the cerebellum and primary motor cortex
thalamic portion of cerebellar feed forward system for smoothing out movements

33
Q

function of ventral anterior nucleus

A

relays basal ganglia and cerebellar inputs to cortex
more widespread projections than ventral lateral
receives input from the BG and projects widely to the frontal eye fields and premotor cortex in the frontal lobe

34
Q

which thalamic nuclei are part of limbic circuits

A 
anterior nucleus
mediodorsal nucleus (medial group)
35
Q

function of mediodorsal nucleus

A

limbic pathways

major relay to frontal cortex

36
Q

function of anterior nucleus

A

limbic pathways

37
Q

function of pulvinar

A

behavioral orientation to relevant visual and other stimuli

38
Q

function of intralaminar nuclei

A

maintain alert consciousness

motor relay for basal ganglia and cerebellum

39
Q

where is the reticular nucleus

A

anterior area

40
Q

input to reticular nucleus

A

cerebral cortex
thalamic relay and intralaminar nuclei
ARAS

41
Q

output of reticular nucleus

A

thalamic relay and intralaminar nuclei
ARAS
no cortical projections!! modulates other nuclei in the thalamus

42
Q

function of reticular nucleus

A

regulates state of other thalamic nuclei

43
Q

functions of hypothalamus

A

homeostasis
endocrine
autonomic
limbic

44
Q

rostral to caudal components of the hypothalamus

A

preoptic area
anterior (supraoptic) region
middle (tuberal) region
posterior (mammillary) region

45
Q

structure of the pituitary gland

A

anterior and posterior component

both components controlled by the hypothalamus separately

46
Q

neurohypophyseal system

A

direct control of posterior pituitary by hypothalamus
neurons from supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
release oxytocin and vasopressin deep within the posterior pituitary

47
Q

tuberoinfundibular system

A

indirect control of anterior pituitary by hypothalamus

neurons of arcuate and periventricular nuclei release releasing factors that act on anterior pituitary cells

48
Q

why are there 2 lobes of the pituitary

A

distinct embryological origins
Rathke’s pouch > anterior
infundibulum > posterior

49
Q

homeostatic functions of the hypothalamus

A

temperature regulation
feeding behavior
circadian rhythm
thirst/ body fluid

50
Q

how is temperature information conveyed to hypothalamus

A
  1. somatosensory system; temp sensitive afferents

2. neurons in the anterior nucleus of the thalamus sense temp

51
Q

how is the body response to change in temperature coordinated

A

anterior nucleus of hypothalamus: response to warm

posterior nucleus of hypothalamus: response to cold

52
Q

change in body temp set point (fever)

A

hypothalamic neurons activated in the pre-optic area

activation of septum can reduce fever

53
Q

function of ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus

A

satiety
stimulation reduces food intake
lesions produce overeating and obesity

54
Q

function of lateral hypothalamic nuclei

A

feeding center
stimulation produces eating
lesions produce anorexia

55
Q

leptins

A

produced in adipose tissue

reduce appetite

56
Q

ghrelin

A

produced in gastric mucosa

stimulates appetite

57
Q

regulation of circadian rhythm

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus receives input from retinal ganglion cells containing melanopsin
regulates core body temp, ACTH levels, slow wave sleep, and skin temp

58
Q

thirst/ body fluid regulation

A

ADH (vasopressin) release by supraoptic nucleus

anterior nucleus involved in coordinating drinking behavior

59
Q

autonomic functions of the hypothalamus

A

descending control of preganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons comes for the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

60
Q

functions of the limbic system

A

homeostasis
olfaction
memory
emotions and drives

BMB Test 3 (21 decks)

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