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bmb test 2 > B7.036 Embryology of Head and Neck Structures > Flashcards

B7.036 Embryology of Head and Neck Structures Flashcards

1
Q

components of the branchial apparatus

A

branchial clefts
branchial pouches
branchial arches

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2
Q

branchial clefts

A

ectodermal ingrowths

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3
Q

branchial pouches

A

endodermal outpocketings

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4
Q

branchial arches

A

mesenchymal core (mesoderm and neural crest) in between the clefts and the pouches

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5
Q

how are cranial neural crest cells formed

A

derived from dorsal neural ectoderm

cells delaminate by epithelial mesenchymal transition and migrate rostrally over neural tube to form branchial arches

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6
Q

function of neural crest cells

A

migrate throughout the embryo and give rise to many different adult cells
give rise to majority of craniofacial structures

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7
Q

first arch syndromes (neurocristopathies)

A

congenital malformations result from mutations in genes that play a role in neural crest function (induction, proliferation, EMT, migration)

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8
Q

examples of first arch syndromes

A

syndromic phenotypes that include craniofacial abnormalities:

  • branchiooculofacial syndrome: AP2
  • campomelic dysplasia: SOX9
  • mowat-wilson syndrome: ZEB2
  • DiGeorge syndrome: TBX1
  • treacher-collins syndrome: treacle
  • saethre-chotzen syndrome: twist
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9
Q

DiGeorge mnemonic

A 
CATCH 22
cardiac abnormality
abnormal facies
thymic aplasia
clef palate
hypocalcemia/ hypoparathyroidism
deletion on chromosome 22
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10
Q

constituents of the branchial arch

A

artery (aortic arch)
nerve (CN): V, VII, IX, X
muscle (from mesoderm)
cartilage (from neural crest)

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11
Q

pharyngeal cleft

A

invagination of the ectodermal layer

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12
Q

pharyngeal pouch

A

outpouching of the endodermal layer

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13
Q

how are arches, clefts, and pouches arranges

A

arch is above the same numbered cleft / pouch

clefts and pouches are in line with one another

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14
Q

1st and 2nd aortic arches

A

degenerate

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15
Q

3rd aortic arch

A

passes through 3rd pharyngeal arch and persists as the stem of the internal carotid artery (and part of the common carotid)

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16
Q

4th aortic arch

A

persists on the right as the subclavian artery

on the left becomes a portion of the arch of the aorta

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17
Q

6th aortic arch

A

survives as the pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus

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18
Q

defects in great arteries

A

usually due to persistence of arches that should have degenerated

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19
Q

innervation of branchial arch 1

A

trigeminal CN V

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20
Q

innervation of branchial arch 2

A

facial CN VII

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21
Q

innervation of branchial arch 3

A

glossopharyngeal CN IX

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22
Q

innervation of branchial arches 4-6

A

vagus CN X

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23
Q

first arch muscles

A

mastication
-temporalis
-masseter
anterior belly of digastric

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24
Q

second arch muscles

A

facial expression

posterior belly of digastric

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25
Q

third arch muscles

A

stylopharyngeus

26
Q

fourth-sixth arch muscles

A

pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles

27
Q

first arch cartilage

A

Meckel’s cartilage (lower jaw)
malleus
incus

28
Q

second arch cartilage

A

stapes
styloid process
stylohyoid ligament
top half of hyoid bone

29
Q

third arch cartilage

A

bottom half of hyoid bone

greater horn of hyoid bone

30
Q

fourth arch cartilage

A

thyroid cartilage

cricoid cartilage

31
Q

structure of pharyngeal pouch derivatives at 5-6 weeks​

A

2nd arch begins to grow over others
2-4th clefts merge together
3rd and 4th pouches grow 2 processes

32
Q

structure of pharyngeal pouch derivatives at 6 weeks

A 
2nd arch covers all pouches
2-4th clefts are now the cervical sinus
1st cleft = external auditory meatus
1st pouch = auditory tube
2nd pouch = palatine tonsil
3rd pouch = inferior parathyroid, thymus
4th pouch = superior parathyroud
33
Q

structure of pharyngeal pouch derivatives at 6-8th weeks

A

thyroid gland descends from foramen cecum
superior parathyroid descends onto thyroid from 4th pouch
inferior parathyroid descends further than superior to bottom of thyroid from 3rd pouch
thymus descends from 3rd pouch

34
Q

BC1 summary

A

inward growth

external auditory meatus

35
Q

BC 2,3,4 summary

A

BA2 grows over

cervical sinus

36
Q

BP1 summary

A

grows toward BC 1

tympanic cavity + auditory tube

37
Q

BP2 summary

A

1 outpocket

palatine tonsil

38
Q

BP3 summary

A

2 outpockets

inferior parathyroid + thymus

39
Q

BP4 summary

A

2 outpockets

superior parathyroid + ultimobranchial body

40
Q

issues with the cervical sinus

A

potential for lateral fistulas and cysts

next to SCM muscle

41
Q

formation of thyroid

A

midline structure

gland descends from foramen cecum to sit in the ventral cervical region below the hyoid bone

42
Q

issues with thyroid formation

A

potential for midline cysts along path

43
Q

embryonic origin of the tongue

A

lateral swellings within BA1 and BA3 grow together
anterior 2/3 = BA1
posterior 1/3 = BA3
epiglottis = BA4-6
BA2 disappears and is not a part of the tongue

44
Q

general sensory innervation of the tongue

A

anterior 2/3: mandibular branch of V
posterior 1/3 = glossopharyngeal IX
extreme posterior / epiglottis = Xth nerve

45
Q

taste innervation of the tongue

A

anterior 2/3: chorda tympani (branch of VII)
posterior 1/3 = glossopharyngeal IX
extreme posterior / epiglottis = Xth nerve

46
Q

intrinsic motor innervation of tongue

A

intrinsic musculature: hypoglossal (XII)

palatoglossus: Xth nerve

47
Q

prevalence of atypical clefts

A

very rare

0.25% of all clefts

48
Q

most common type of cleft deformity

A

isolated cleft lip
cleft lip & palate
isolated cleft palate

49
Q

epidemiology of cleft lip/palate

A

30% syndromic
70% non-syndromic (isolated)
-CLO and CL/P 1/1000 (males 80%)
-CPO 1/2500 (females 67%)

50
Q

inheritance of cleft lip/palate

A

classic complex trait with genetic and environmental factors

40-60% concordance in MZ twins

51
Q

common, complex disorders of the newborn

A

cleft lip and palate (1 in 700)
congenital heart disease (1 in 200)
neural tube defects (1 in 1000)
preterm birth (1 in 8)

52
Q

initial development of the face

A

BA1 splits into maxillary and mandibular processes by 5th week
nasal pits form

53
Q

fusion of the facial prominences

A

lateral and medial nasal prominences form on the side of the nasal pits
maxillary prominence fuses with medial nasal prominence (this goes wrong in a cleft lip)

54
Q

frontonasal prominence structures

A

forehead
bridge of nose
medial and lateral nasal prominences

55
Q

maxillary prominence structures

A

cheeks

lateral portion of upper lip

56
Q

medial nasal prominence structures

A

philtrum of upper lip
crest
tip of nose

57
Q

lateral nasal prominence structures

A

alae of nose

58
Q

mandibular prominence structures

A

lower lip

59
Q

2 segments of the palate

A

primary palate- medial nasal process

secondary palate- inward extensions of maxillary process

60
Q

growth of palatine shelves

A
  1. initial vertical growth
  2. elevation of shelves above the tongue, tongue depresses
  3. inward growth and fusion of palatal shelves (forming secondary palate)
61
Q

pierre robin sequence

A

mandible most severely affected (micrognathia)
shortened jaw causes glossoptosis (posteriorly placed tongue) which causes formation of a cleft palate
1/8500 births

bmb test 2 (22 decks)

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