B7: Non- Communicable Diseases

Question 1

What is a non- communicable disease?

Answer 1

A disease that cannot be passed from one individual to another

Question 2

Waht are two risk factors associated with someone’s lifestyle for non-communicable diseases?

Answer 2

• lifestyle
• substances present in the body(e.g ionising radiation)

(exposure to carcinogens such as ionising radiation)

Question 3

What is wrong with a correlation?

Answer 3

It doesn’t prove something is caused by something els

Question 4

What is a casual mechanism

Answer 4

It explains how one factor influences another through a biological process

Question 5

What is an example of a casual mechanism?

Answer 5

There is a clear link between smoking tobacco and lung cancer

(Anyone can get lunk cancer but smoking increases the risk)(carcinogens into the lungs)

Question 6

When does a tumor form?

Answer 6

When control of the cell cycle is lost and the cells grow in an abnormal, uncontrolled way

Question 7

What are a tumor’s features?

Answer 7

• divide rapidly with little time for growth

- results in a mass of abnormally growing cells-a tumor

Question 8

What is a Benign tumor?

Answer 8

• growths of abnormal cells contained in one place(do not invade other parts of the body)
• tumor grows very large, very quickly

Question 9

How can Benign tumors be life threatening?

Answer 9

-if it causes pressure or damage to an organ. E.g dangerous in the brain because there is no space for them to grow into

Question 10

What are malignant tumor cells?

Answer 10

-tumor cells that can spread around the body invading oher cells
(Often reffered to as cancer)

Question 11

How do miligant tumor cells invade other parts of the body?

Answer 11

• inital tumor is split releasing clumps into the blood stream- carried to organs
• continue uncontrolled division and forms secondary tumors

(Divide rapidly and live longer than normal cells)

Question 12

What are the two characteristics of cancer cells?

Answer 12

• divide more rapidly than normal cells

- live longer than normal cells

Question 13

Why are miligsnt tumors difficult to treat?

Answer 13

Because of the way they spread around the body

Question 14

What are three causes of cancer?

Answer 14

• genetic rsik factors(inherited)
• result of mutations(changes in genetic material)
• ionising radiation such as UV light and x-rays can interrupt the normal cell cycle

Question 15

What causes mutations(changes in genetic material)?

Answer 15

Carcinogens(Tar found in tabacco smoke)

Question 16

What are carcinogens?

Answer 16

-cancer causing agents(e,g tar from tobacoo. They cause mutations and formation of tumors

Question 17

What are the two methods used to treat cancer and how do they work?

Answer 17

Radiotherapy: cancer cells destroyed by targeted doses od readiation(can also damge healthy cells)

Chemotherapy: chemicals used to wither stop cancer cells dividing or make them “slef-destruct “

Question 18

What does nicotine do?

Answer 18

It prodicesna sense or calm or well being

Question 19

What does carbon monoxide do to the body?(found in tobacoo smoke)

Answer 19

Takes up some of the oxygen-carrying capacity of your blood

(After smoking a cigarette, 10% of the blood will carry carbon monoxide instead of oxygen)

-lead to breathlessness

Question 20

What does smoking during pregnancy do to the fetus and what can it cause?

Answer 20

• fetus doesn’t get enough oxygen to grow properly

- lead to premature births, low birthweight babies and still births(baby born is dead)

Question 21

What is the carcinogen tar and what does it do to the lungs?

Answer 21

-sticky black chemical that accumaltes in thr lungs

• makes smokers likely to develop bronchitis
• build up of tar can lead to alveoli’s structure to breakdown(causing COPD disease)

-rudicesnsurface area to volume ratio of the lungs-leads to breathlessness and desth

Question 22

What can smoking do to the heart?

Answer 22

Casual link: smokers more likely to suffer from cardiovascular disease than non smokers

• blood vessels narrow(ages the bllod vessels)
• nicotine increases HR
• chemicals damge the lining of arteries(cornonary heart disease more likely)
• increased blood pressure and risk of siffering heart attacks, strokes, and cardiovascular disease

Question 23

What dooes smoking cause (mucus)?

Answer 23

-build up of mucus and coughing

Question 24

What effects the likelyhood of developing cardiovascular disease?

Answer 24

Exercise

Question 25

What can obeasity lead to?

Answer 25

Type 2 biabetes

Question 26

How do the hearts and lungs compare to those who exercise regularly and those who don’t?

Answer 26

Those who exercise regularly have fitter hearts and bigger lunge