B7: Non- Communicable Diseases Flashcards
What is a non- communicable disease?
A disease that cannot be passed from one individual to another
Waht are two risk factors associated with someone’s lifestyle for non-communicable diseases?
- lifestyle
- substances present in the body(e.g ionising radiation)
(exposure to carcinogens such as ionising radiation)
What is wrong with a correlation?
It doesn’t prove something is caused by something els
What is a casual mechanism
It explains how one factor influences another through a biological process
What is an example of a casual mechanism?
There is a clear link between smoking tobacco and lung cancer
(Anyone can get lunk cancer but smoking increases the risk)(carcinogens into the lungs)
When does a tumor form?
When control of the cell cycle is lost and the cells grow in an abnormal, uncontrolled way
What are a tumor’s features?
- divide rapidly with little time for growth
- results in a mass of abnormally growing cells-a tumor
What is a Benign tumor?
- growths of abnormal cells contained in one place(do not invade other parts of the body)
- tumor grows very large, very quickly
How can Benign tumors be life threatening?
-if it causes pressure or damage to an organ. E.g dangerous in the brain because there is no space for them to grow into
What are malignant tumor cells?
-tumor cells that can spread around the body invading oher cells
(Often reffered to as cancer)
How do miligant tumor cells invade other parts of the body?
- inital tumor is split releasing clumps into the blood stream- carried to organs
- continue uncontrolled division and forms secondary tumors
(Divide rapidly and live longer than normal cells)
What are the two characteristics of cancer cells?
- divide more rapidly than normal cells
- live longer than normal cells
Why are miligsnt tumors difficult to treat?
Because of the way they spread around the body
What are three causes of cancer?
- genetic rsik factors(inherited)
- result of mutations(changes in genetic material)
- ionising radiation such as UV light and x-rays can interrupt the normal cell cycle
What causes mutations(changes in genetic material)?
Carcinogens(Tar found in tabacco smoke)
What are carcinogens?
-cancer causing agents(e,g tar from tobacoo. They cause mutations and formation of tumors
What are the two methods used to treat cancer and how do they work?
Radiotherapy: cancer cells destroyed by targeted doses od readiation(can also damge healthy cells)
Chemotherapy: chemicals used to wither stop cancer cells dividing or make them “slef-destruct “
What does nicotine do?
It prodicesna sense or calm or well being
What does carbon monoxide do to the body?(found in tobacoo smoke)
Takes up some of the oxygen-carrying capacity of your blood
(After smoking a cigarette, 10% of the blood will carry carbon monoxide instead of oxygen)
-lead to breathlessness
What does smoking during pregnancy do to the fetus and what can it cause?
- fetus doesn’t get enough oxygen to grow properly
- lead to premature births, low birthweight babies and still births(baby born is dead)
What is the carcinogen tar and what does it do to the lungs?
-sticky black chemical that accumaltes in thr lungs
- makes smokers likely to develop bronchitis
- build up of tar can lead to alveoli’s structure to breakdown(causing COPD disease)
-rudicesnsurface area to volume ratio of the lungs-leads to breathlessness and desth
What can smoking do to the heart?
Casual link: smokers more likely to suffer from cardiovascular disease than non smokers
- blood vessels narrow(ages the bllod vessels)
- nicotine increases HR
- chemicals damge the lining of arteries(cornonary heart disease more likely)
- increased blood pressure and risk of siffering heart attacks, strokes, and cardiovascular disease
What dooes smoking cause (mucus)?
-build up of mucus and coughing
What effects the likelyhood of developing cardiovascular disease?
Exercise
What can obeasity lead to?
Type 2 biabetes
How do the hearts and lungs compare to those who exercise regularly and those who don’t?
Those who exercise regularly have fitter hearts and bigger lunge
