B4: Orginising Animals And Plants Flashcards
1
Q
What supplies the heart with oxygen?
A
Coronary arteries
2
Q
What do ventricles do?
A
Contract and force blood out of the heart.
3
Q
Where does the right ventricle force deoxygenated blood?
A
To the lungs
4
Q
Where does the left ventricle pump oxygenated blood?
A
To the whole body in a big artery called the AORTA
5
Q
Why do valves close?
A
So blood can only travel in one direction.(no backflow of blood)
6
Q
Which muscle wall is thicker the left ventricle or right ventricle?
A
Left ventricle so it can use pressure needed to force blood through the arterial system.
7
Q
What is coronary heart disease?
A
The coronary arteries become narrower.
Can lead to heart attacks and death due to the lack of oxygen
8
Q
Where does blood leaving the right ventricle go through?
A
Pulmonary arteries
9
Q
How do doctors treat coronary heart disease?
A
They insert a stent in the artery.
10
Q
How are leaky valves treated?
A
The replace faulty heart valves with valves made of titanium and polymers.
They last for 12-15 years and the patient will have to take medication for the rest of their life to avoid clotting.
11
Q
What are pacemakers?
A
A group of cells in the right atrium act as your natural pace maker.
It controls the pace of the heart by sending strong regular signals to the heart that stimulate it to beat properly.
If it beats to slowly: mot enough oxygen
If it bests to fast: heart cannot pump blood properly.
12
Q
What is a way a heart can be treated if it fails completely?
A
A transplant.
13
Q
What does the Xlylem do?
A
Carries water and dissolved mineralcions from the roots up to the leaves
14
Q
What does the pholem do?
A
The phloem carries dissolved food from the leaces around the plant
15
Q
Translocation
A
Translocation: the movement of dissolved sugars to the rest of the plant
16
Q
What increases the rate of transpiration?
A
Anything that increases the rate of photosynthesis.
Because more stomata opens up to let in co2
When the stomata it open, the rate of which water is lost to evaporation and diffusion increases.
Therefore, an increased light intensity will increase the rate of transpiration.
17
Q
What makes up the human circulatory system?
A
- blood
- blood vessles
- heart
18
Q
What is the function of the human cirulatory system?
A
To transport substances to and from the body cells.
19
Q
What do white blood cells do?
A
Help protect your body from infection
20
Q
What are platelets?
A
Cell fragments that start clottting process at wound sites
21
Q
What does haemoglobin do?
A
Binds to oxygen and transpirts it from the lungs to the tissues
22
Q
What does plasma have suspended in it?
A
Blood cells
23
Q
What does plasma do?
A
It transports protienvand other chemicals around the body.
24
Q
What does the circulatory system do?
A
Transports substances to and from the body cells
25
What does plasma do?
It transports proteins and other chemicals around the body.
26
Plasma had blood cells ________ in it
Susupended
27
What do white blood cells do?
Help protect your body against infection
28
What are platelets?
Cell fragments that start the clotting process at wound sites
29
Every cell in the body is within ___ of a capillary
0.5mm
30
What is the smallest blood vessel in the cirulatory system?
Capillary
31
What are the three main types of blood vessels that blood is carried around the body in?
- Arteries
- veins
- capillaries
32
What is an artery, how does it work, what type of blood does it contain?
They carry blood AWAY from your heart to the organd of your body.
The blood is bright red Oxygenated blood
Arteries stretch as blood is forced through them and the artery goes back into its shaow afterwards.
(You can feel this as a pulse where the artery runs close to the skin surface)
- thick walls containing muscle and elastic fibres, small lumen
- very dangerous if cut because blood in an artery is under pressure, nlood will spirt rapidly every time the heart beats
33
What is an veins how does it work, what type of blood does it contain?
Veins carry deoxygenated blood away from your organs TOWARDS your heart
- a deep purple red colour becaise its low in oxygen
- do not have a pulse
- much thinner walls than arteries and have VALVES to prevent the back flow of blood, -large lumen
- valves open as blood flows through them towards the heart, if the blood starts to flow back wards the Valves close to prevent a backflow of blood.
- blood is squeezed back towards the heart by action of the skeletal muscles.
34
What is a capillary how does it work, what type of blood does it contain?
Throughout the body they form huge negworks of tiny vessels linking the arteries to veins.
-narrow, narrow lumen very thin walls(1 cell thick):
Enables sustances such as oxygen and glucose to diffuse easily out of the blood and into cells
-substances produced by the cells(such as co2) pass easily into the blood through the walls of the capillaries
35
Do humans have a double circulatory system?
YES
36
What do the two circulatory systems do?
One transports blood from the heart to the lungs and back( this allows oxygen and co2 to be exchanged with the air in the lungs)
One transports blood from the heart to all other organs of your body and back.
37
Why is a double cirulatory system important?
It makes the circulatory system efficient.
Oxygenated blood returns to the heart from the lungs, this blood can be sent of to diffrent parts of the body at a high pressure- more areas of your body recieve oxygenated blood quickly
38
How many pumps is the heart made out of and why?
2 for double circulation
39
The heart is a muscle- hownis it supplied with blood?
Through the coronary arteries
40
How does the heart pump blood?
The two sides of the heart fill and empty at the same time-giving strong and coordinated heartbeat.
Step one: blood enters the top chambers of your heart called the ATRIA.
(Blood coming into the right atrium from the VENA CAVA is deoxygenated blood)
(Blood coming into the left atrium in the PULMONARY VEIN is oxygenated blood from your lungs.)
Step 2: the atria contract together to force blood down the ventricles.
Vales close to stop blood flowing backwards out of the heart
Simplified:
- Ventricles contract and force blood out of heart
- right ventricle forces deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery
- left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around the body in a big artery called the AORTA
41
As bllod is pumped into the _________ (contains deoxygenated blood) and _______ (contains oxygenated blood) valves close to stop the back flow of blood
- pulmonary artery
| - aorta
42
What is the function of valves?
to stop the backflow of blood when they close
43
The muscle wall of the ____ ventricle is noticeably thicker than the wall of the ______ ventricle
Left
Right
(Left ventricle wall is thicker than the right ventricle wall)
44
Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall than the right ventricle?
A thick wall allows the left ventricle to develop the pressure needed to force the blood through thr arterial system ALL OVER YOUR BODY
The blood leaving the right ventricle moves through thr pulmonary arteries and to the lungs-high pressure would damage the delicate capillary network where gas exchange takes place
45
Where does the deoxygenated blood in the right ventricle go to?
Pulmonart artery and then to the lungs
46
Where does the oxygenated blood in the left ventricle go to?
Aorta- around the body
47
What is coronary heart disease
The coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle narrow
- a common cause is the build up of fatty material on the lining of the vessel
- if blood flow through the coronary arteries is reduced, the supply of oxygen to the heart muscle is reduced.
- this can cause pain, a heart attack and even death
48
How do doctors often solve the oroblsm of coronary heart disease?
They use a stent
49
What is a stent?
A metal mesh placed in the artery
50
How is a stent implemented and what does it do?
A tiny balloon is inflated to open up a blood vessel and the stent at the same time. The balloon is deflated and removed but the stent remains in place holding the blood vessel open
They are used to open up blocked arteries, some stents release drugs to prevent drug clotting.
51
What reduces cholesterol levels in the blood, reducing the risk of conronary heart disease?
Statins-doctors prescribe this to anyone at risk of cardiovascular disease
52
What are leaky valves?
When valves leak and become stoff-nit opening fully- this makes the heart less efficient-wothout treatment could lead to breathless and will die
53
What can damged heart valves be replaced by?
Using biological or mechanical valves
54
What is the resting heart rate controlled by?
A group of cells in the right atrium-they form a natural pacemaker
55
What do artifical pacemakers do?
Correct iregularities in the heart rythmn
56
What are artifical hearts used for?
To keep patients alive whilst they wait for a transplant, or for the heart to rest as an aid to recovery
57
What can happen ifnthe natural pacemaker stops working properly?
It can cause serious problems-
If the heart beats to slowly the person will not get enough oxygen
If the heart beats to fast it can not pump blood properly
58
How many wires is the pacemaker attached to the heart by?
2 wires
59
Are artifical hearts temporary or permanent?
Temporary
60
Provide some extra infomation on artifical hearts:
- can be used to givena diseased heart a rest sp it can recover.
- part or whole of an artifical heart implanted removes the strain of keeping the blood circulating for a few weeks or months
- resources needed to develop an artifical heart are expensive- therefore it is not widely used in patients
61
What is needed for the gas exchange system to work efficiently?
- a large differance between the concentration of gas on the different sides of the exchange membrane( a steep concentration gradient)
(By changing the composition ofnair in the lungs, they maintain a steep concentration gradient for both oxygen diffusing into the bloof and Co2 diffusing out of the blood.
- this is known as ventilating or breathing-it takes place in a specially adapted gas exchange system
62
How are the lungs seperated from the digestive organs?
By the diaphragm
63
What is the diaphragm?
A strong sheet of muscle
64
What is the job of the ventilation system?
To move air in and out if your lungs-which provide an efficient surface for gas exchange in the alveoli
65
What causes ventilating in the lungs (breathing)?
-contraction and relaxation of the intercostal muscles between the riba and diaphram, changing pressure inside the chest. This means air is forced in and out of the lungs as a result of differences of pressure.
66
When breathing in oxygen rich air moves into your lungs, this maintains a ____________________
Steep concentration gradient with the blood
67
What happens as a result of oxygen rich air going into the lungs with a high concentration gradient with the blood?
Oxygen continually diffuses into your blood stream through the gas exchange system surfaces of the aveoli
(The same for co2)
68
Does gas leaving the gas exchange system maintain a high conecntration gradient?
Yes
69
Does the alveoli have a large surface area and a rich supply of blood capillaries?
YES
-this means gasses can diffuse into and out of the blood as efficiently as possible
70
What are plant tissues?
A collection of cells specialised to carry out specific functions
71
What is the stucture if the tissue in plant organs related to?
Their functions
72
The _____,______and _____ form a plant organ system for transpirt os substances around the plant
Roots, stem and leaves
73
What do epidermal tissues cover?
The surfaces and protect the plant
(I think its the surface of the leaf)
-these cells often create a waxy substance the waterproofs the surface of the leaf
74
What do palisade mesophylll contain and protect?
Lots of chloroplasts which carry out photosynthesis
75
What do spongy mesophylll contain and protect?
Some chloroplasts for photosythesis but also big air spcaes and a large surface area to make diffusion of gases easier
76
What are xylem and phloem?
Transport tissues in plants
77
Gave some examples of plant organs?
Leaves, stems and roots
78
Plants make ________ by photosythesis in the leaves and other green parts?
Glucose a simole sugar
79
_______ and ______ move into the plant from the soil through the roots, they are needed by every cell in the plant
Water
| Mineral ions
80
How many transport systems that move substances around the whole plant are there?
2
81
What does the phloem do?
Transports dissolves sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant, including growing regions and storage organs
(Basically moves food)
82
What does the xylem do?
Transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves
83
Mature xylem cells are _____
Dead
84
Are pholem cells alive?
Tes
85
What is the movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant callled?
Translocation
86
Greenfly and other ___ are plant pests. They push their sharp mouth parts right into the pholem and feed on the sugady fluid. It too many of them attacj a plant it can be killed by taking its food
Aphids
87
How are yound trees vulnerable to damage by animals?
In trees the xylem makes up the bulk of the wood and the phloem is found just a ring underneath the bark.
If a complete ring bark is eaten, transport in the phloem stops and the tree will die
88
All over thr leaf surface there are small openings, what are they called?
Stomata
89
When can the stomata be opened and closed?
When the plant needs to allow air into the leaves
Co2 diffuses into air spaces and into the cells down a concentration gradient.
- at the smae time, oxygen produced by photosynthesis is removed from the leaf by diffusion into the surrounding air.
90
What is the size of the stomata and their opening and closing controlled by?
Guard cells
91
Why do plants lose water when the stomata are open?
Warer evaporates through the cells lining the air spaces- it then passes out through the stomata by diffusion
92
What is the loss of water vapour in a plant known as?
Transpiration
93
As water evaporated from the surface of the leaves more water is pulled up through the ______ to take its place
Xylem
94
What is the transpiration stream?
The constant movement of water molecules through the xylem from the roots to the leaves is known as the transpiration stream
(As water evaporated from the surface of the leaves more water is pulled up through the xylem to take its place.)
95
What is the main reason that plants can close their stomata?
To limit the loss of water vapour
96
Why does the stomata open?
To let in cO2 for photosynesis
-producing food for a plant to survive
97
Stomata afe key to the control of ________
Transpiration
98
How can you investigate the numbers of distribution of stomata on a leaf?
(-Different areas of the same leaf,
-different leaves from the same plant -different types of leaves)
(There are 6 steps)
1. Use water-based varnish to cover an area of the leaf then peel it off
2. Place the peel on a microscope slide
3. With an eyepeice microscope use a low magnification and count the number os stomata in random sample of squares
4. Without an eyepeice use a higher magnification and count the number of stomata you can see, repeat this with other areas of the leaf
5. Calculate the mean number of stomata on a goven area of a leaf
6. You can use this to estimate the number of stomata on a whole leaf
99
What conditions makes transpiration more rapid?
- hot
- dry
- windy or bright conditions
100
Factors that increase the rate of photosythesis or increase stomatal opening will increase the rate of _______
Transpiration
101
What Factors will increase the rate of photosythesis (or increase stomatal opening )and will increase the rate of transpiration?
- temperature
- air flow
- humidity
- light intensity
102
Why do hot, dry and windy conditions increase the rate of transpiration?
Because more water evaporates for the cells and diffusion happens quicker.
103
Why does water vapour diffuse quicker in dry air than humid air?
Because the concentration gradient is steeper.
104
Wht is a concentration gradient?
concentration gradient occurs when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than another.
Particles will govfrom olaces with higher concentration gradient to lower concentration gradient
105
Windy conditions both increase the rate pf ______ and also maintain a _________ frpm the inside of thr leaf to the outside by removing water vapour as it diffuses out
Evaporation
| Steep concentration gradient
106
How does temperature affect the rate of transpiration?
- molecules move faster as the temperature increases-diffusion occurs quicker.
- rate of photosythesis also increases as the temperature gpes ip-more stomata will be open for gas exchange to occur
- each of these factors increases the rate of transpiration
107
Most leaves have a ____, waterproof layer to prevent uncontrolled water loss
Waxy
108
Most stomata are found in the underside of leaves, this protects them from ______ and _____ from the sun
- direct light
| - energy
109
What can happen if a plant loses water faster than it is replaced by the roots?
- the whole plant may wilt
| - stomata close
110
What is wilting?
A protection mechanism against water loss: the leaves collapse and hang down-this decreases the surface area avaliable for water to be lost by evaporation
111
What can a potomemter show?
How the uptake of water in a plant changes in dfferent conditions- it gives a good idea of the amount of water lost in transpiration
112
Almost all ofnthe water taken up in a plant is lost through transpiration but a small amount is used in_______ e.g photosythesis
Metabolism
113
What is metabolism?
Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
114
Red blood cells are packed with a small pgiment called_____ that binds to oxygen
Haemoglobin
115
What do lymphocytes do?
Form antibodies against micoorganisms(some form antitoxins against posions made by microorganisms)
116
What do phagocytes do (white blood cell)
Engulf and digest invading bacteria and viruses
117
What is transpiration
The plants amount of water loss
118
What are the atriums?
Upper chambers of the heart
119
Deoxygenated blood enters the _________from the vena cava
Right atrium
120
The right atrium contracts pushing the blood into the
Right ventricle
121
The right ventricle contracts forcing the blood into the_________ artery.
Pulmonary
122
The pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs where it is _________
Oxygenated
123
The oxygenated blood returns to the heart transported by the _________
Pulmonary vein
124
The oxygenated blood enters the heart at the _______and then travels to the _________
- left atrium
| - left ventricle
125
The heart contracts forcing the blood out of the heart into the_______which transports the blood to the rest of the body.
Aorta
126
Is xylem strengthened with lignin?
Yes
127
Does the pholem or xylem move up or down the plant?
Phloem : -up and down plant
Xylem: -only up
128
What is a potometer used to show?
The water uptake of a plant under different conditions
129
What do epidermal tissues do?
Cover the surface of the leaves
130
What does paliside mesophyll contain?
Lots of chloroplasts
131
What does spongy mesophll contain?
A large SA to make diffusion of gases easier
