B7 Heamotology 2

Question 0

What are the signs/symptoms of anaemia?

Answer 0

Shortness of breath 
Weakness 
Lethargy
Tachycardia 
Nail bed and conjunctiva may be pale 
Severe anaemia in elderly may lead to angina 
Glossitis (painful red tongue) 
Angular cheilitis (fissures at corner of mouth)

Question 1

What are the 6 aneamias called?

Answer 1

Iron anaemia 
Megaloblastic anaemia 
Haemolytic anaemia 
Aplastic anaemia 
Sickle cell 
Thalassaemias

Question 2

What can be an input of Iron reduction?

Answer 2

Poor diet

Surgical removal of stomach

Question 3

What can be an output of iron to increase?

Answer 3

Menstruation

GI bleeding ulcers

Question 4

How can bone marrow and macrophages affect anaemia?

Answer 4

Iron deficiency when bone marrow and macrophage Fe stores depleted then anaemia occur

Question 5

How can you treat iron anaemia?

Answer 5

Find and treat underlying cause (GI bleeding, menstruation problems)
Oral iron- FeSO4 usually
Prophylaxis in pregnancy - oral iron with folic acid
Transfusion

Question 6

What can renal anaemia lead to? How is it treated?

Answer 6

Leads to normocytic anaemia

Treat with Fe and EPO

Question 7

What is megaloblastic anaemia?

Answer 7

Due to abnormal red blood cell maturation as a result of defective DNA synthesis

Question 8

What are megaloblasts?

Answer 8

Abnormal precursor cells, in which nuclear maturation is impaired in relation to that of they cytoplasm. Found in bone marrow

Question 9

What is meant by macrocytic? How does this occur?

Answer 9

large RBC

due to vit B12 or folate deficiency

Question 10

Why is B12 essential?

Answer 10

Cofactor for purine and pyrimidine synthesis (cell division)

Question 11

What is haemolytic anaemia?

Answer 11

Increased rate of red blood cells destruction

Question 12

What is spherocytosis?

Answer 12

Abnormal reduction in RBC membrane protein

Question 13

What can cause haemolytic anaemia?

Answer 13

Haemolytic transfusion reaction
Malaria
Drug induced

Question 14

What is sickle cells anaemia?

Answer 14

Abnormal Hb - insoluble forms crystals at low oxygen - RBC form sickle shapes may block microcirculation

Question 15

What can sickle cell anaemia cause?

Answer 15

Haemolytic anaemia

Question 16

What is thalassaemias?

Answer 16

Reduced rate of alpha or beta globin units production variations

Question 17

What is aplastic anaemia?

Answer 17

Insufficient production of RBCs, WBCs and platelets

Question 18

What does aplastic anaemia cause?

Answer 18

Decreased resistance to infections
Increased bleeding
Increased tiredness

Question 19

What causes aplastic anaemia?

Answer 19

Viral
Radiation
Drugs : cytotoxic agents (anticancer), chloramphenicol, sulphonamides, insecticides

Question 20

How does you treat aplastic anaemia?

Answer 20

Immunosuppressants
Colony stimulating factors - increase WBC count
Bone marrow transplant - with tissue match

Question 21

What is polycythamia?

Answer 21

Increased Hb and haematocrit, increased blood viscosity- poor tissue perfusion

Question 22

What are the signs and symptoms of polycythamia?

Answer 22

ruddy appearance
Headaches
blurred vision
Hypertension

Question 23

What causes polycythamia?

Answer 23

Primary: changes in bone marrow, stem cell defect
Secondary: increased erythropoietin- altitude, smoking, renal carcinoma

Question 24

What is the treatment of primary polycythamia?

Answer 24

Venesection, radioactive phosphorous, cytotoxic agents