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Pharmacology > B2 The upper GI tract 1 > Flashcards

B2 The upper GI tract 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 11 key structures of the GI tract

A

1) oesophagus
2) lower oesophageal sphincter
3) stomach
4) pancreas
5) small intestines
6) large intestines
7) anus
8) duodenum
9) pyloric sphincter
10) gall bladder
11) liver

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestines called?

A

1) duodenum
2) jejunum
3) ileum

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3
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the large intestines called?

A

1) caecum

2) colon

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4
Q

What occurs in the mouth?

A

mastication, chewing and addition of saliva

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5
Q

What does salivary amylase breakdown?

A

Starch

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6
Q

The production of saliva is under which control?

A

autonomic control

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7
Q

Is saliva production part of sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

sympathetic

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8
Q

What are the NTs and receptors of salivary production?

A

NT - ACh

receptor- muscarinic

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9
Q

What is the pH of the stomach?

A

1-1.5

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10
Q

Acidity in the stomach sterilises food, why?

A

to prevent food poisoning

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11
Q

Chief cells of gastric mucosa release what?

A

pepsinogens

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12
Q

The acid environment activates release of pepsinogen, but to form what?

A

pepsin

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13
Q

What is meant by autocatalytic with reference to pepsin?

A

new pepsin chops up pepsinogen

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14
Q

What is the function of pepsin?

A

proteolysis of proteins to polypeptides

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15
Q

What acts within peptide chain?

A

endopeptidase

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16
Q

What are the 3 parts of gastric control?

A

1) cephalic phase 30%
2) gastric phase 50-60%
3) intestinal phase 5%

17
Q

How does the cephalic phase work?

A

food, taste, smell, mastication causes parasympathetic stimulation, ACh stimulates acid release from periatal cells. Acid release stimulates gastrin release (hormone stimulates acid reduction)

18
Q

How does the gastric phase work?

A

food distension causes local release of ACh, histamine acts as NT in stomach to activate acid release, gastrin. Local vasovagal reflexes to release ACh

19
Q

What protects the stomach lining?

A

pepsinogen mucus

20
Q

Why is the pH of the duodenum between 5-6

A

secretes bicarbonate so higher pH to protect duodenum so reduce activity of pepsinogens

21
Q

Which enzymes are secreted by the enzyme?

A

lipase- breaks lipids/fats down
amylase- starch
proteolytic enzymes

22
Q

What does vitamin B12 bind to in the stomach?

A

intrinsic factors

23
Q

Does stomach cancer have poor prognosis?

A

yes 18%

24
Q

What are the signs of stomach cancer?

A

gastric bleeding
weight loss
55 years old
abdominal masses

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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