B6 quick questions

Question 1

what non-specific systems does the body use to prevent pathogens getting into it

Answer 1

skin; cilia and mucus in nose, trachea, and bronchi; stomach acid

Question 2

what three functions do white blood cells have

Answer 2

phagocytosis, producing antibodies and antitoxins

Question 3

what happens during phagocytosis

Answer 3

phagocyte is atacted to the area of infection, engulfs a pathogen and releases enzymes to digest the pathogens

Question 4

what are antigens

Answer 4

proteins on the surface of a pathogen

Question 5

why are antibodies a specific defense

Answer 5

antibodies have to be the right shape for a pathogens unique antigens, so they target a specific pathogen

Question 6

what is the function of an antitoxin

Answer 6

neutralise toxins produced by pathogens by binding to them

Question 7

what does a vaccine contain

Answer 7

small quantities of dead or inactive form of a pathogen

Question 8

how does a vaccine prevent against a specific pathogen

Answer 8

vaccination stimulates the body to produce antiboies against a specific pathogen-if the same pathogen enters the body again white blood cells rapidly produce the right antibodies

Question 9

what is herd immunity

Answer 9

when most of a population is vaccinated against a disease, so it is less likely to spread

Question 10

what is an antibiotic

Answer 10

drugs that kill bacteria

Question 11

what do painkillersdo

Answer 11

treat some symtoms of disease and reduce pain

Question 12

what properies of new drugs are clinical trials designed o test

Answer 12

toxicity, efficacy and optimum dose

Question 13

what happens in the pre-clinical stage of a drug trail

Answer 13

drug is tested on cells, tissues and live animals

Question 14

what is a placebo

Answer 14

medicine with no effect that is given to patients instead of the real drug in a trial

Question 15

what is a double blind trial

Answer 15

a trial where neither patients nor doctors know who recieves the real drug and who recieves the placebo

Question 16

what is a clone of cells

Answer 16

a group of identical cells that have formed from a single cell dividning again and again

Question 17

what is a hybridoma

Answer 17

hybrid of a lymphocyte and tumour cell- can divide and grow endlessly, and produce antibodies

Question 18

how are monoclonal antibodies used in research

Answer 18

for locating and identifying specific molecules in cells and tissues

Question 19

how are monoclonal antibodies used in diagnostic testing

Answer 19

for measuring levels of specific hormones or chemicals in the blood or urine, for example, pregnancy tests detect HCG in the urine

Question 20

how are monoclonal antibodies used to treat cancer

Answer 20

for delivering toxic chemicals and drugs directly to cancer cells , limiting their harm the other cells in the body

Question 21

why are monoclonal antibodies not used as widely as once hoped

Answer 21

more side effects than initially expected

Question 22

name the process by which bacteria divide

Answer 22

binary fission

Question 23

why should an innoculating loop be passed through a blue bunsen burner before and after use

Answer 23

to sterlise it

Question 24

name two culture that bacteria can be grown in

Answer 24

nutrient broth solution

agar gel plate

Question 25

why should the lids of agar plates and culture bottles be opened as little as possible

Answer 25

toprevent contamination with microorganisms from the air

Question 26

why should you not incubate at tempuratures higher than 25 degrees celcius

Answer 26

to reduce the chance of human pathogens growing

Question 27

why should agar gel plates be incubated upside down

Answer 27

to prevent contamination from from condensation collecting on the surface of the agar

Question 28

how quickly can bacteria multiply

Answer 28

number of bacteria can double every 20 minutes in optimum condtions

Question 29

why is good aseptic technique important

Answer 29

to grow bacterial cultures without contamination