B6 quick questions Flashcards
what non-specific systems does the body use to prevent pathogens getting into it
skin; cilia and mucus in nose, trachea, and bronchi; stomach acid
what three functions do white blood cells have
phagocytosis, producing antibodies and antitoxins
what happens during phagocytosis
phagocyte is atacted to the area of infection, engulfs a pathogen and releases enzymes to digest the pathogens
what are antigens
proteins on the surface of a pathogen
why are antibodies a specific defense
antibodies have to be the right shape for a pathogens unique antigens, so they target a specific pathogen
what is the function of an antitoxin
neutralise toxins produced by pathogens by binding to them
what does a vaccine contain
small quantities of dead or inactive form of a pathogen
how does a vaccine prevent against a specific pathogen
vaccination stimulates the body to produce antiboies against a specific pathogen-if the same pathogen enters the body again white blood cells rapidly produce the right antibodies
what is herd immunity
when most of a population is vaccinated against a disease, so it is less likely to spread
what is an antibiotic
drugs that kill bacteria
what do painkillersdo
treat some symtoms of disease and reduce pain
what properies of new drugs are clinical trials designed o test
toxicity, efficacy and optimum dose
what happens in the pre-clinical stage of a drug trail
drug is tested on cells, tissues and live animals
what is a placebo
medicine with no effect that is given to patients instead of the real drug in a trial
what is a double blind trial
a trial where neither patients nor doctors know who recieves the real drug and who recieves the placebo
what is a clone of cells
a group of identical cells that have formed from a single cell dividning again and again
what is a hybridoma
hybrid of a lymphocyte and tumour cell- can divide and grow endlessly, and produce antibodies
how are monoclonal antibodies used in research
for locating and identifying specific molecules in cells and tissues
how are monoclonal antibodies used in diagnostic testing
for measuring levels of specific hormones or chemicals in the blood or urine, for example, pregnancy tests detect HCG in the urine
how are monoclonal antibodies used to treat cancer
for delivering toxic chemicals and drugs directly to cancer cells , limiting their harm the other cells in the body
why are monoclonal antibodies not used as widely as once hoped
more side effects than initially expected
name the process by which bacteria divide
binary fission
why should an innoculating loop be passed through a blue bunsen burner before and after use
to sterlise it
name two culture that bacteria can be grown in
nutrient broth solution
agar gel plate
why should the lids of agar plates and culture bottles be opened as little as possible
toprevent contamination with microorganisms from the air
why should you not incubate at tempuratures higher than 25 degrees celcius
to reduce the chance of human pathogens growing
why should agar gel plates be incubated upside down
to prevent contamination from from condensation collecting on the surface of the agar
how quickly can bacteria multiply
number of bacteria can double every 20 minutes in optimum condtions
why is good aseptic technique important
to grow bacterial cultures without contamination
