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GCSE Biology > B6 Genetics > Flashcards

B6 Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Genome

A

The entire genetic material of that organism

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

The DNA is found within structures

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3
Q

Gene

A

A short section of DNA that contains the instruction for one characteristics of an organism

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4
Q

DNA genes and chromosomes

A

Human cells have 46 chromosomes
DNA has proteins associated with it that help condense into chromosomes
Mitochondria contain DNA
Plasmids contain DNA but don’t contribute to the running of the cell

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5
Q

Gene therapy and genome edititing

A

Developing effective treatments to target and correct genes

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6
Q

Understanding someone’s genome may allow doctors to:

A

Recommend better preventative medicine
Identify the targets of drugs more effectively
Tailor healthcare to the individual

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7
Q

Understanding more about the human genome

A

In late 20th C it was estimated that there were around 1000000 genes in the human genome
There are much less however 20000-25000 code for proteins this around 1.5% of the human genome
There are no coding areas which control gene expression turning on and off genes

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8
Q

The Genographic project

A

Looks at characterises on the male Y chromosomes and DNA in mitochondria from women

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9
Q

What were the findings of the TGP

A

That people originated from Africa

And that they migrated 60000 years ago through Arabia

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10
Q

Structure of DNA

A

A double helix structure

Like a gently twisted ladder

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11
Q

Bases in DNA

A

Adenine A
Thymine T
Cytosine C
Guanine G

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12
Q

DNA is a polymer

A

Made up of repeating units call nucleotides

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13
Q

Genetic code

A

Is the bases that make up this
Our genome contains approximately 3.3billion base pairs
Genes vary in size from a few hundred bases for more than 2 million

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14
Q

Complementary base pairs

A

A&T

C&G

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15
Q

Genes are needed to assemble proteins

A

Genes provide code for assembly of proteins
All proteins made up of same 20 amino acids
4 base pairs work in triplets for each amino acid

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16
Q

Protein synthesis

A

DNA unzips the bases of a gene act as template for a messenger molecule
Messenger molecule leaves the nucleus containing the code for the amino acid
In the cytoplasm the messenger molecules attaches to a ribosome
The base pairs are complementary. The carrier attaches to the ribosome
A second amino acid is ferried to the ribosome
The second amino acid is able to attach because of the sequence of its bases
A peptide bond is formed between the two anime acids
The messenger molecule is shunted along the ribosome and another amino acid is ferried in

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17
Q

The shape of proteins

A

Proteins bend into unique shapes creating an active site

When a complementary substrate fits into its active site a reaction can occur

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18
Q

Mutations

A

Changes to our DNA

Usually to help a species survive

19
Q

Mutations to amino acids

A

Some changes may not directly affect the function of an amino acid
If it occurs in a non coding area a gene may be expressed differently

20
Q

Mutations can have serious side effects

A

A change in bases to code for a protein may result in a different protein being produced
Therefore the active site is different and specific chemical reactions can not occur

21
Q

During meiosis

A

4 gametes are produced from one parent

Each gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

22
Q

What happens during meiosis

A

There is 2 sets of division

The DNA is copied and then split

23
Q

Genetic variation

A

Each gamete receives different characteristics

24
Q

What determines our sex

A

Wether we receive X or Y chromosomes determines wether we are male or female

25
Q

Asexual reproduction

A 
Involves only one parent
Offspring are clones of parents 
Good if can't find a partner
Produces lots of offspring quickly in favourable conditions
Requires less energy
26
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Genetic material comes from both parent
Produces variation
If environment changes some offspring are more likely to survive than others through natural selection

27
Q

Using both forms of reproduction

A

Some species can use either form to reproduce making their survival greater

28
Q

Adapting to circumstances

A

Sexual reproduction helps increase the chance of survival

29
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Is an inherited disorder
Thick sticky mucus makes it hard to breathe
Linked to chromosome 7
Occurs when alleles of CFTR are defective

30
Q

Dominant or recessive

A

Dominant only need one allele of it

Recessive needs two alleles for it to be inherited

31
Q

Genotype

A

Alleles present for a particular gene

32
Q

Phenotype

A

How the gene is expressed

Physical appearance of characteristics eg eye colour

33
Q

Homozygous

A

Having 2 of the same allele either recessive or dominant

34
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 different alleles both recessive and dominant

35
Q

Punnet square

A

Shows all the possible outcomes of the children based on the parents alleles

36
Q

Gene disorders

A

Generally caused by recessive alleles

Although some can be dominant

37
Q

Family tree diagrams

A

Allows us to see how the condition is passed down in the family

38
Q

Embryo screening

A

Embryos can be screened for genetic disorders

If one if found it is up to the parents to decide whether to keep it or not

39
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Was a Monk at a monastery in Bünn now Brno in the Czech Republic

40
Q

Why did Mendel choose peas

A 
A wide variety available
Each trait was sharply defined
Fertilisation can be controlled
Easy to cultivate 
They grow and flower
He started with pure lines for 2 years
41
Q

Mendels hypothesis

A

Inheritance of each characteristic was in units which were passed to descendants
Each plant has a pair of factors governing a particular characteristic
One of these factors at random would go into a gamete

42
Q

How did he test his hypothesis

A

Used colour seed trait test
Cross bred 2 colours
Predicted 1:1 ratio
But ended up with 58 yellow and 52 green

43
Q

Reproducibility of Mendels experiment

A

Very reproducible as many other scientists have done it and received similar results

GCSE Biology (8 decks)

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