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GCSE Biology > B4 health matters > Flashcards

B4 health matters Flashcards

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1
Q

Good health

A

Having a complete physical and mental health

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2
Q

Bad health caused by

A

Disease
Diet
Stress
Life situations

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3
Q

Communicable

A

Spread easily

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4
Q

Non communicable

A

Can’t be spread

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5
Q

Bad diets and their effects

A

High fat/sugar- high blood pressure, depression,heart problems, diabetes
Low calcium- osteoporosis
Red meat/ processes meat- bowel cancer

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6
Q

Risk factors

A

Increase the chance of having a disease

Eg. Lifestyle, diet, exercise, workplace, relationship

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7
Q

Non communicable disease factors

A

Cardio- diet,obesity,age,genetics,exercise
Lung- smoking, cleanness of environment
Liver- alcohol,diet,obesity,genetics,drugs,viral infection
Type 2 diabetes- genetics, diet,obesity,exercise

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8
Q

Human and financial costs of smoking

A

Health problems to you or child, death
Expensive,loss of income,small workforce
Financial burden of healthcare costs on local, national and global economies

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9
Q

Pathogens

A

Microorganism that cause infectious diseases. They depend on their hosts to provide the conditions and nutrients they need to grow and reproduce.

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10
Q

Pathogens can be

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Protist
Fungi

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11
Q

How are pathogens spread?

A

Contaminated food and water pass through the mouth
Microorganisms in the air enter the nose
Microorganisms enter through the skin when skin is cut, bitten by insects or infected needles are used
Sexually transmitted diseases can be caught through the contact with infected reproductive organs

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12
Q

Bacteria and viruses

A

B- produce toxins that damage tissues and make us feel ill

V- live and reproduce inside cells, damaging them

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13
Q

Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF)

A

Symptoms-fever,headache,diarrhoea,nausea and rashes
Prevention- reduce contact with infected animals, wear protective clothing, wash hand frequently, isolation of infected people and safe burials of the dead, travel restrictions

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14
Q

Bacteria

A

Salmonella

Gonorrhoea (STD)

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15
Q

B symptoms

A

S- fever, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea

G- thick yellow/ green discharge from vagina/penis pain when urinating

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16
Q

B transmission/ spread

A

S- ingesting contaminated food, preparing food in unhygienic conditions
G- sexual activity

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17
Q

B control measures & treatment

A

S- chicken gets vaccinated, prepare food in hygienic conditions
G- condom, antibiotics

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18
Q

Viruses

A

Measles
HIV
TMV (tobacco mosaic virus)

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19
Q

V Symptoms

A

M- fever, red rash
HIV- flu like symptoms
TMV- leaves discoloured mosaic pattern, reduce photosynthesis

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20
Q

V transmission/ spread

A

M- droplet infection
HIV- direct contact
TMV- enters plant via wounds

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21
Q

V control measures and treatment

A

M- vaccinations (MMR vaccine)
HIV- antiretroviral drugs,condoms,no needle sharing
TMV- removal of infected plant material, controlling pests, sterilising tools, washing hands

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22
Q

Fungal

A

Rose black spot

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23
Q

F symptoms

A

Black spots on leaves and stem
Leaves fall off prematurely
Can be purple
Spreads rapidly

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24
Q

F Transmission/spread

A 
Water
Wind
Optimum temp 24
Spores realised in warm wet conditions 
7 hours to germinate
Symptoms show after 3-10 days 
Spores produce every 3 weeks
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25
Q

F control measures & treatment

A 
Burn leaves
Compost (especially mulch)
Fungicide
Pruning(fertilise afterwards)
Sterilise tools
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26
Q

Protist

A

Malaria

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27
Q

P symptoms

A 
Nausea/vomiting
Fevers
Kidney failure 
Mental confusion
Headaches
Diarrhoea 
Cough
Muscle pains
Seizures
28
Q

P transmission/spread

A

Female mosquitoes
Protist enters from feeding mosquito
Travels to liver to reproduce
Leaves liver and reproduces in red blood cells, feeding on haemoglobin
Protist in blood passed to other feeding mosquitos

29
Q

P control measures & treatment

A 
Mosquito nets
Vaccinations 
Education
IV drugs 
Antimalarial drugs
30
Q

How body defends itself

A

Skin is a barrier and produces antimicrobial secretions via gland in the skin
The nose traps particles that may contain pathogens
Trachea and bronchi secrete mucus taps pathogens
Stomach produces HCl killing pathogens
Platelets clot at wounds to seal it (fibrin)

31
Q

White blood cells

A

They attack invading pathogens. If a pathogen enters the body, white blood cells defend it by:
Ingesting pathogens (phagocytosis)
Producing antibodies
Producing antitoxins

32
Q

Phagocytes

A

Can leave the body by squeezing through capillaries to enter tissues that are being attacked. They move towards pathogens or toxins and ingest them. (PHAGOCYTOSIS)

33
Q

2 types of white blood cells

A

Phagocyte and lymphocytes

34
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins made by the pathogen. Antitoxins combine with the toxin to make a safe chemical. Antitoxins are specific to a particular toxin.

35
Q

Antibodies

A

Cause cell lysis (the pathogens burst)
Bind the pathogens and destroy them
Cover the pathogens, sticking them together. Phagocytes then ingest them

36
Q

Immunity

A

If the same type of pathogen enters the body again, lymphocyte cells recognise it and immediately make lots of antibodies.

37
Q

A drug

A

Is any chemical that alters how the body works. They just relieve the symptoms caused by infection.

38
Q

Antibotics

A

Work by interfering with the pathogen’s metabolism. Only kill bacterial pathogens.

39
Q

Painkillers are based on 2 natural drugs

A

Aspirin from willow bark

Opiates from poppies

40
Q

Antrival drugs

A

Treat viral infections.
Specific to a particular virus
Slow down viral development
It is difficult to develop drugs which kill viruses without damaging the body’s tissues

41
Q

vaccination

A

Introduces a small quantity of an inactive or dead form of a pathogen into the body to protect us from disease

42
Q

Why do we feel ill

A

Pathogens release toxins

43
Q

How are vaccines given

A

Injection, orally, nasal sprays

44
Q

How do vaccines work

A

Lymphocytes detect antigens on the dead/inactive pathogen; they produce a specific antibody for these antigens
Antibodies lock onto antigens
Lymphocytes remember the shape of the antigen
When there is a real infection, lymphocytes instantly remember pathogen
Antibodies lock onto pathogen and kill them before they have a chance to make you feel ill

45
Q

Why is there new vaccinations every year

A

As some viruses frequently mutate into new strains. Lymphocytes don’t recognise them.
Boosters are given to increase the antibodies again for lifelong protection

46
Q

New drugs are tested and trial led each year before being prescribed to ensure they are

A

Effective- able to prevent or cure a disease, or make you feel better
Safe- not too toxic or without any undesirable side effects
Stable- it must be possible to store for a period of time

47
Q

Stages of drug development

A

Preclinical testing in laboratories (using cells,tissues and live animals) to find out side effects and efficacy
Clinical trial, which use healthy volunteers and other patients. Once deemed safe with low doses further trials are performed

48
Q

Developing new drugs

A

Discovery (2-10 years)
Preclinical: laboratory and animal tests
Phase 1: 20-80 healthy volunteers to determine safety and dosage
Phase 2: 100-300 volunteers to look for efficacy and side effects
Phase 3: 1000-5000 volunteers to monitor adverse reactions to long term
MHRA review approval
Additional post-market testing

Trial results are peer reviewed by medical professionals and only then are they published
Clinical trials involve some risk because unexpected side effects can occur

49
Q

Double blind trials

A

Patients randomly allocated I groups so doctors and patients don’t know if they are taking the drug or the placebo until trial is complete

50
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Come from cells that are clones from one cell. They can be produced and used over a long period of time.

51
Q

Uses of monoclonal antibodies

A

For diagnosis- in pregnancy tests.mABs are used to measure the level of hormones and the other chemicals in blood, or to detect pathogens.
In research- they can be used to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding them to fluorescent dye
To treat some diseases- eg. Cancer mABs bound to radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing.

52
Q

Making monoclonal antibodies

A

Mouse injected with specific antigen to stimulate lymphocytes to make antibodies
Extracted lymphocytes combined with tumour cell
Detergent is used to break down cell membranes so they fuse together
Makes a hybridoma cell, which can divide and make antibodies
Single hybridoma cells are cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce same antibody. These are mABs
Large amount of mABs are collected and purified.

53
Q

mABs side effects

A 
Chills or fever
Itchy rashes 
Nausea 
Breathlessness or wheezing
Headaches
Changes in blood pressure
54
Q

Draw backs of monoclonal antibodies

A

Immune system rejects them as produced in mice

Creates more side effects than expected

55
Q

Advantage of mABs

A

Helps treatment of cancer
Healthy body cells are unaffected
Target cancerous cells specifically

56
Q

Plant diseases are important because

A

Plants are producers in food chains

They destroy crops and are hard to control

57
Q

Aphids (greenfly)

A 
Destructive small insects that reproduce quickly. Symptoms:
Decreased growth rate
Mottled or yellow leaves
Wilting
Low yields 
Death

Are a disease vector
Pierce phloem tube using specially adapted mouthparts. Feed on sap, lowering tutor pressure to cause wilting. Viruses are transferred to the phloem by salvia during feeding

58
Q

Nitrate

A

Make amino acids= protein synthesis

Deficiency= stunted growth

59
Q

Magnesium

A

Needed to make chlorophyll

Deficiency= chlorosis (yellow leaves)

60
Q

Treating mineral deficiencies

A

Identified by chemical tests and the deficient mineral can be added to the soil. Sometimes it is more convenient to add a general-purpose fertiliser

61
Q

Plant diseases can be indicated by:

A 
Stunted growth
Spots on leaves
Areas of decay (rot)
Growths
Malformed stems or leaves
Discolouration
The presence of pests
62
Q

Identification of diseases can be made by:

A

Reference to a gardening manual or website
Taking infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen
Use testing kits

63
Q

Physical plant defences

A

Layers of dead cells around stem prevent pests from entering
Tough waxy leaf cuticles that prevent pathogens entering epidermis
Cellulose cell walls which prevent pathogens from entering cells

64
Q

Mechanical defences

A

Thorns and hairs- thorns impale insects, hairs prevent larvae reaching epidermis
Leaves droop/curl at touch- cells collapse
Mimicry-trick animals into not feeding/ laying eggs

65
Q

Chemical defences

A

Production of antibacterial chemicals- increase when attacked by herbivores or pathogen
Production of poisons- taste bad to herbivores, can be useful to humans

GCSE Biology (8 decks)

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