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GCSE Biology > B5 Coordination And Control > Flashcards

B5 Coordination And Control Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Regulation of internal conditions in the body

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2
Q

Body systems responsible for homeostasis

A

Nervous system

Endocrine system

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3
Q

Nervous system

A

Response- rapid and short duration
Nature of message- nerve impulses electrical
Action- carried in nerves to specific location

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4
Q

Endocrine system

A

Response- slower but acts for longer
Nature of message- hormone chemical
Action- carried in blood to all organs, but affects target organ only

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5
Q

Structure of nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord- CNS

Nerves leading to and from the brain and spinal cord- peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

Nerves

A

Consists of nerve cells(neurones) which are specialised to transmit messages as electrical impulses
Part that contains nucleus is cell body found in the CNS
Have extended shape to carry pulses from one part of the body to another. Have fine branches at the tips to communicate with other neurones.

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7
Q

Receptors

A

Cells that detect any changes in the environment. Receptors are grouped to form sense organs

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8
Q

Stimulus to response sequence

A 
Stimulus
Receptor
Coordinator 
Effector
Response
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9
Q

Reflex actions

A

Rapid automatic responses to a stimuli. To prevent us getting hurt

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10
Q

Reflex arc

A

Sensory neurone- transmits nerve implies from the receptor to the CNS
Relay neurone- in the spinal cord- transmits the impulses from the sensory to the motor neurone
Motor neurone- sends impulses from the CNS to the effector

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11
Q

Synapse

A

The gap between the neurones

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12
Q

How do impulses move from one neurone to the next

A

Chemical transmitter molecules are released into the synapse
Transmitter molecules diffuses across the synapse
Chemical transmitter molecules bind to the receptors
Channels in the next neurone opens
The nerve impulse is initiated in the next neurone

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13
Q

3 main regions of the brain

A

Cerebral cortex
Cerebellum
Medulla

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14
Q

Cerebral cortex

A 
Highly folded outer layer concerned with:
Consciousness
Intelligence 
Memory
Language
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15
Q

Cerebellum

A

Concerned with coordination of muscular activity

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16
Q

Medulla

A

Controls unconscious activities such as heartbeat and breathing

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17
Q

Electroencephalogram EEGs

A

Are used to monitor abnormal electrical activity in the brain, but can also be used in brain mapping

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18
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation TMS

A

A magnetic field changes the electrical activity in parts of the brain targeted
Changes to the patients behaviour occurs as different areas are stimulated to map the brain

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19
Q

MRI

A 
Strong magnetic& radio waves produce detailed images
Large tubes containing powerful magnets
Detects the way hydrogen nuclei (protons) in water molecules respond to changes in magnetic and radio waves
Produces greatest resolution of images
Painless & safe
Very expensive equipment 
Highly trained staff
No ionising radiation
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20
Q

CT scans

A

X-rays and computer create detailed images of the body
Used to diagnose damaged tissue
Dye injected into body for better quality of the image
Only part of the body at a time
X-rays absorbed differently so compute used to build picture
Specially trained radiographers read images
X-rays= ionising radiation so long exposure causes cancer

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21
Q

EEGs

A

Small sensors attached over scalp to detect electrical signals
Highly trained specialists read changes and detect unusual activity
Detects epilepsy, fits and memory problems
No electricity put into body
Safe

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22
Q

Benefits of treating nervous system disorders

A

Kill cancer cells
Save/prolong life
Minimal damage to surrounding tissue
Stem cells&monoclonal antibodies

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23
Q

Risks of treating nervous system disorders

A 
Affects normal cells as well
Serious side effects
Infection
Stroke
Chance it will come back
Death
May not work
Rapidly dividing cells die
May cause more damage
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24
Q

RP: investigating reaction time

A

Ruler drop test
Calculate reaction time with t= square root of 2d/a
t= time in seconds
d= distance traveled
a= acceleration as a result of gravity = 9.81 m/s^2

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25
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent region of the sclera at the front of the eye

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26
Q

Lens

A

Focuses light rays on the retina

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27
Q

Pupil

A

The hole in the centre of the iris that allows light to pass through

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28
Q

Iris

A

Has sets of muscles that control the size of the pupil and regulate the light reaching the retina

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29
Q

Suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscle

A

Change the shape of the lens to focus light rays on the retina

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30
Q

Optic nerve

A

Carries impulses from the retina to the brain

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31
Q

Retina

A

Made up of light sensitive receptor cells

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32
Q

Sclera

A

The tough outer layer of the eye

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33
Q

Cones

A

Receptor cells in the retina that perceive colour

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34
Q

Rods

A

Are responsible for vision at low intensity light.

More sensitive than cones by 1000x

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35
Q

In dim light

A

Racial muscles contract
The pupil becomes larger
Circular muscles relax

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36
Q

In bright light

A

Circular muscles contract
Pupil gets smaller
Reading muscles relax

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37
Q

Distant objects

A

Thin lenses

Only a slight refraction of light needed

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38
Q

Near objects

A

Thick lens refracts light rays strongly

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39
Q

Accommodation

A

The cornea is fixed in its shape

The lens however can change its shape to focus on objects that are located at different distances

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40
Q

Focusing on near objects

A

Ring of ciliary muscles contracts
Ring decreases in diameter
Reduction to diameter releases tens upon on Suspensory ligaments
Allowing lens to bulge and become thicker
Light rays are refracted more.

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41
Q

Short sightedness

A 
Myopia 
Eyeball is too long for the strength of the lens
Cornea is too sharply curved
Corrected by concave lens
Image falls short of the retina
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42
Q

Longsightedness

A 
Hyperopia 
Lens is is too weak- not thick enough
Eyeball is too short
Cornea is not curved enough 
Image falls behind the retina
Corrected by convex lens
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43
Q

Correcting vision

A

Use glasses or contact lenses

Have lazier eye surgery

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44
Q

Thermoregulatory centre

A

Centre has receptors which are sensitive to a change in the temperature of the blood circulating through it
Skin has temperature receptors that send nervous impulses to the thermoregulatory centre

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45
Q

Vadodilation

A

Temp is too high
Blood vessels near skin expand
Sweating increases
To cool down the body

46
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Blood vessels near skin get smaller
Sweating is reduce/stopped
Skeletal muscles contract and the body shivers

47
Q

Sweating

A

Cooling through evaporation

As water molecules in sweat evaporate they take heat away from the skin

48
Q

Negative feedback

A

The body being able to reverse changes to the body when they have happened

49
Q

Endocrine system

A

Endocrine glands secrete homes directly into the blood.

50
Q

Hormones

A

Described as chemical messengers. They circulate in the blood and produce an effect on target organs. Many hormones are large molecules.
They work on effectors and most take mins and hours to occur

51
Q

Location of endocrine glands

A 
Pituitary gland (brain)
Thyroid gland (throat)
Pancreas 
Adrenal glands
Ovaries/testes
52
Q

Insulin

A

Causes glucose in the blood to move into our body cells

53
Q

When blood glucose concentration increases

A

Pancreas detects rise
Insulin secreted into blood
Liver turns glucose into glycogen
Blood glucose falls

54
Q

When blood glucose concentration decreases

A

Pancreas detects fall
Glucagon secreted into blood
Liver turns glycogen into glucose
Blood glucose rises

55
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Pancreas is unable to produce enough or any insulin
Body cells unable to take up glucose
Take insulin injections
10% of all diabetes
Person looses weight as body uses fat and protein
In untreated can cause kidney failure and death

56
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Body cells lose sensitivity to the insulin being produced

Genetics

57
Q

Glucose tolerance test

A

After 8-12 hours of no eating or drinking, blood glucose is measured. The person is then given glucose and blood is retested 2 hours later. If the persons tolerance to glucose is lowered the glucose will be above a certain level when retested.

58
Q

Causes of diabetes

A

Genetics
Western life style
Obesity

59
Q

Ethical considerations to diabetes

A

Should canteens/kitchens/manufactures use healthier ingredients

60
Q

Social considerations to diabetes

A

Have a sugar tax so it makes theses foods more expensive

61
Q

Where do we lose water from

A

Urine
Lungs as we breathe
Sweating

62
Q

Why is water balance important

A

2% dehydration= thirsty and uncomfortable
5% dehydration= loose concentration
10-20% dehydration= life threatening

63
Q

Deamination

A 
Amino groups are removed as ammonia 
Ammonia is toxic to us
Quickly converted into urea (less toxic)
Urea is excreted from our bodies by our kidneys
Can't store excess amino acids
64
Q

Selective reabsorption

A

Blood is filtered- dissolved substances pass from the blood into the kidneys
Reabsorption- useful substances are absorbed back into the blood
Urine- contains urea, excess salts and excess water. Urine is taken to the bladder

65
Q

ADH

A

Anti-diuretic hormone
Releases by pituitary gland in response to changes in the concentration of blood plasma
If there is more plasma then less water is reabsorbed by the kidneys (dilute urine) small amount of ADH is released by pituitary gland
If there is less plasma then more water is reabsorbed(concentrated urine) larger amount of ADH is released

66
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Produces thyroxine which stimulate the body’s basal metabolic rate

67
Q

Negative feedback for thyroxine system

A

Thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone to target cell
Levels to high inhibits secretion of TSH
If levels are too low secretion of THS occurs

68
Q

Dialysis

A

Blood remove from arm and circulated through kidney machine
Waste is filtered out through s partially permeable membrane
Blood returned to the arm
Needs to happen 3days a week taking about 4 hours

69
Q

Kidney transplant

A

When a kidney is found from a donor who is a similar blood group as the patient
During the surgery the new kidney is connected to
a vein and artery
A tube that leads to the bladder where the urine is collected

70
Q

After the kidney operation

A

The 2-3 hour complex surgery has a risk of rejection
Patients will need to take immunosuppressant drugs for the rest of their life although these drugs increase the risk of disease/infection
If transplant fails they will need to look for another one

71
Q

Haemodialysis

A

Severe kidney failure
Don’t lose any blood
Clean blood
Can do it everyday

72
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

Carry out themselves
Use peritoneal- thin membrane as filter
Absorbed into solution
Solution drained then solution replaced

73
Q

Dialysis pros

A

Improved over the years
Greater independence
Better quality of life

74
Q

Dialysis disadvantages

A 
Experience sudden fall in blood pressure
Watch out for infection
Need treatment for rest of life
Takes along time
Patient become tired
Machines are expensive
75
Q

Transplant pros

A

More varied diet
Have a normal life style
Don’t have to go on dialysis

76
Q

Transplants cons

A 
Immunosuppressant drugs for rest of life
Greater risk of infection,cancer,diabetes 
Make lifestyle changes
May not last very long
Can't have it if have heart condition
Some people are too weak
More donors needed
Long waiting list 
Ethical issue: sold illegally, expensive,takes a long time
77
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Develop as our bodies produce reproductive hormones at puberty

78
Q

Oestrogen

A

Main female reproductive hormone

79
Q

Ovulation

A

Occurs every 28 days

Stimulates eggs to mature in the ovaries

80
Q

Testosterone

A

Main male reproductive hormone

Produced by testes and stimulates sperm production

81
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

1-5 menstruation uterus lining is shed
6-12 uterus lining starts to repair and grow again
13-15 ovulation egg is released from ovaries
16-28 uterus lining continues to thicken and egg dies if not fertilised

82
Q

4 hormones that control the menstrual cycle

A

FSH follicle stimulating hormone(eggs mature in ovaries)
LH luteinising hormone (stimulate release of egg form ovaries)
Oestrogen and progesterone maintain the lining of the uterus

83
Q

The roles of the hormones as the cycle progresses are:

A

FSH is secreted by pituitary gland
FSH causes the egg to mature in the ovaries
FSH stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen
Oestrogen inhibits further release of FSH and stimulates release of LH
LH triggers ovulation- the release of the mature egg from the ovary
Leads to secretion of progesterone by the empty follicle that contained the egg
Progesterone inhibits the release of LH and FSH
Progesterone maintains the lining of the uterus during the second half of the menstrual cycle, in the readiness for receiving a fertilised egg

84
Q

Treating infertility

A

FSH and LH can be given a fertility drug

If it is successful it happens within 3 months

85
Q

IVF conditions

A 
More successful if the woman is:
Younger
Previously been pregnant
BMI between 19-30
Low alcohol, caffeine intake and doesn't smoke
86
Q

Stages of IVF

A

Woman is given FSH and LH to stimulate production of more eggs than normal in ovaries
Eggs are collected
Eggs mixed with fathers sperm in lab for 16-20 hours
Any embryos are allowed to develop for 5 days
1/2 embryos are selected and placed in the mothers uterus

87
Q

Scientific and medical evaluation

A

Success rate isn’t high but is raising by 1% each year
Lots of premature births, still births and low weighted babies
Multiple births is possible

88
Q

Adrenaline

A

Prepares us for fight or flight

89
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Combines endocrine and nervous system

Responds to nervous stimulation by releasing the hormone adrenaline

90
Q

Adrenaline

A

Acts on various parts of the body such as the liver

Where it promotes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose and releases it into the bloodstream

91
Q

Contraceptive methods

A

Either hormonal or barrier methods

Some people do natural planning

92
Q

Natural planning

A

A woman’s time of ovulation is linked with:
Her menstrual cycle occurring at around 14 days
A slight increase in body temperature
Thinning of mucus secreted from the cervix

93
Q

Barrier methods

A

Condom- a rubber polyurethane sheath that is rolled over the erected penis
Diaphragm- latex or silicone device that is put into the vagina to cover the cervix
Some women have surgery

94
Q

Hormonal methods

A

Combined pill- oestrogen and progesterone
Progesterone only pill- thickens cervical mucus to prevent sperm entering it also inhibits the release of FSH and LH
IUDs are coils that prevent eggs being fertilised. Copper wound round them is toxic to sperm

95
Q

Reliability of contraception

A

Abstinence is the most effect way

Most are between 92-99 when used perfectly

96
Q

Condoms pros

A

Widely available

Can protect against transmitted diseases

97
Q

Condom cons

A

May slip off

Must withdraw after ejaculation and not spill semen

98
Q

Diaphragm pros

A

Put in before sex

No health risks

99
Q

Diaphragm cons

A

Needs to be left in for hours after sex

Some people are sensitive to spermicide

100
Q

UID pros

A

Works immediately

Can stay in place for 10 years (copper) 3-5 years (hormonal)

101
Q

UID cons

A

Insertion may be uncomfortable

Periods may be longer or more painful

102
Q

Tropism

A

The response of a plant by growing towards or away from a stimulus

103
Q

Phototropism

A

The response to light

Growing towards the light is positive phototropism

104
Q

Gravitropism

A

The growth response of a plant to gravity

Growing downwards is positive geotropism

105
Q

Auxins

A

A type or hormone involved in the tropism of unequal distribution of hormones
Produced in the tips of shoots

106
Q

Shoot tip responding to light

A

Plant is illuminated on one side
Auxin is redistributed.the shaded side grows more
Shoot tip grows towards the light

107
Q

Meristems

A

Undifferentiated cells that can divide to produce new cells

Like stem cells for plants

108
Q

Tissue cultures

A

Used to produce clones of plants

109
Q

RP: the effect of light and gravity on the growth of germinating seeds

A

Seed planted in different conditions

The one with the most sunlight grew the most and had the greatest angle of curvature towards the light

110
Q

Gibbellins

A

Promote plant growth/initiate plant growth even to dormant seeds

111
Q

Ethene

A

Is a hydrocarbon released by bananas
It increases the rate of respiration making fruit ripen quicker
Ethane synthesis can be reduced by chilling or being sprayed by a chemical inhibitor

GCSE Biology (8 decks)

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