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GCSE Biology > B3 moving and changing materials > Flashcards

B3 moving and changing materials Flashcards

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1
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential down a concentration gradient through a partially permeable membrane

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2
Q

Lysis

A

Cells swell and burst

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3
Q

Crenation

A

Cells shrink and shrivel

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4
Q

Turgid

A

Water enters plant cell by osmosis and fills vacuole.

Vacuole pushes against cell wall

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5
Q

Flaccid

A

Water moves out of cell by osmosis, vacuole shrinks

If too much water leaves cytoplasm moves away from cell wall causing cell to be plasmolysed

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6
Q

Required practical- investigate the effect of a range of concentrations of salt or sugar solutions on the mass of plant tissue

A

Put potato chips in different concentrations of NaCl solution
Weighed before and after
Potato dried off by paper towel
They thought- the greater the concentration, the lighter the chip

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7
Q

Active transport

A

The net movement of particles from an area of low concentration up a concentration gradient to an area of high concentration through a partially permeable membrane

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8
Q

Catalyst

A

A chemical that speeds up a reaction without being used up itself

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9
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts

Help photosynthesis, respiration, protein synthesis

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10
Q

Enzymes help to

A

Break down large molecules into smaller ones
Build large molecules from smaller ones
Change one molecule into another molecule

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11
Q

Lock and key theory

A

Lock- enzyme has unique sequence or amino acids.
Active site has specific shape that substrate will fit into
Key- substrate, once it is attached to active site it becomes a product
If shape do active site changes enzyme is denatured

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12
Q

Enzyme controlled reactions are affected by

A

pH

Temperature

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13
Q

Collision theory

A
  1. Reactants start to collide; as collisions increase more product is made
  2. Enzyme added holding the reactant in place
  3. There is an increase in collisions between reactants; rate of reaction also increases
  4. Reactants are being used up and there are fewer collisions; rate of reaction decreases and amount of product levels off
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14
Q

Required practical- investigate the effect of pH on the rate of reaction of amylase enzymes

A

Uses solutions of starch and amylase in test tubes to find optimum pH required for experiment
Test tubes are put in water bath at 25 for 5 mins
pH buffer solution added to amylase first then starch
In a spotting tile iodine is added
Black/blue colour should end up orange
Repeated for different buffer solutions with different pH values

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15
Q

Digestive system

A

Long tube that runs from the mouth to the anus

Consisting of serval organs working together to digest and absorb food

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16
Q

Absorption

A

Soluble food passes through the small intestine wall into the blood
Blood transports the products of digestion to the body cells

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17
Q

Salivary gland

A

Produces Saliva

Moistens food, has enzymes to digest food

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18
Q

Oesophagus

A

Muscular walls

Moves food to the stomach by peristalsis

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19
Q

Stomach

A

Strong muscles,produces HCl acid, produces enzymes

Mix food,kills harmful microbes, provides optimum pH for stomach enzymes to digest food

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20
Q

Liver

A 
Produces bile(alkaline)
Neutralises stomach acid, stores carbohydrates as glycogen, emulsifies fats
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21
Q

Gall bladder

A

Small bag like structure

Stores bile

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22
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces enzymes

Provide enzymes to digest food in the small intestine

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23
Q

Small intestine

A

Produces enzymes large surface area

Digestion of food, absorption of solvable food

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24
Q

Large intestine

A

Special cells to absorb fluids

Absorbs water, solidifies waste

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25
Q

Anus

A

Strong muscle

Releases waste

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26
Q

Bile

A

Emulsifies fats into smaller droplets to increase the surface area
Large surface area and alkali pH increase rate to fat digestion into fatty acids and glycerol
Fatty acids and glycol diffuse into lymphatic system

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27
Q

Products of digestion uses

A

Glucose- respiration, make new carbs
Amino acids- synthesised/built into proteins in ribosomes. Protein synthesis catalysed by enzymes
Fatty acids/glycerol- energy,build cell membrane, make hormones

28
Q

Small intestine exchange surface

A

7m long, lots of timed of absorption
Very thin, permeable membrane for easy diffusion
Villi and microvilli increase surface area
Blood capillaries transport molecules away maintain gradient
Between meals active transport is used

29
Q

Required practical- use qualitative reagents to test for a range of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

A

Glucose- Benedictus reagent, should turn orange/red
Protein- sodium hydroxide, purple
Lipid- Sudan 3 stain

30
Q

Spiracles and gills

A

Oxygen taken in from gills (feathery and increase SA)

Tiny holes along body which open into small tubes(trachea)

31
Q

Skin

A

Thin membrane for diffusion
Moist for dissolving gases
Usually have large SA:V

32
Q

Trachea

A

Spiracles can close to prevent evaporation (surface moist)
Trachea have branches to increase SA
Pump air in and out of trachea
Trachea are stiffened to prevent collapse
Short diffusion distance

33
Q

Gills

A

Feathery projections increase SA
Thin walls for diffusion
Water pumped over the gills

34
Q

Lungs

A

Alveoli have thin membrane
A provide large SA
Moist for dissolving gases
Constant ventilation maintain gradient

35
Q

Root hair cells

A

Found on plant roots just behind root tip
Help anchor plant
Absorb water and mineral ions from the soil
Have long thin exchange surface
Water absorbed by osmosis and active transport

36
Q

Fertilisers

A

Contain minerals are added to the soil to improve plant growth

37
Q

Root hair cells are efficient exchange surfaces as…

A 
Large SA
No cuticle, just thin membrane
Thin cell wall
Large vacuole 
Close to the xylem
38
Q

Nitrates, nitrogen

A

Make amino acids for protein synthesis

39
Q

Phosphates

A

Respiration
Make new DNA
Make new cell membranes

40
Q

Potassium

A

Respiration
Photosynthesis
Make enzymes

41
Q

Magnesium

A

Make chlorophyll for photosynthesis

42
Q

Culture solutions

A

Contain known amounts of of specific minerals

43
Q

Mineral deficiency

A

When a plant can’t get enough of a mineral from the soil or culture solution for healthy growth

44
Q

2 types of fertilisers

A

Inorganic- man made. Come from concentrated sources of minerals. Don’t smell. Easy to apply and store
Organic- animal/plant matter. Take time to break down so slowly release minerals. Reduce soil erosion. Improve water retention in soil

45
Q

Single circulatory system

A

Blood flows in one circuit around the body

Eg. Fish

46
Q

Open circulation

A

No blood vessels, blood flows freely around body

47
Q

Double circulatory system

A

Blood flows 2 ways round the body
From heart to lungs
Heart to rest of body
Eg. Humans

48
Q

Arteries

A 
Carry blood from heart
Blood under high pressure with pulse 
Thick walls, not permeable 
Small lumen
No valves
Carry oxygenated blood
49
Q

Veins

A 
Carry blood to heart
Blood under low pressure, flows smoothly
Thinner walks, not permeable 
Large lumen
Valves along their length prevent back flow of blood
Carry deoxygenated blood
50
Q

Capillaries

A 
Carry blood form arteries to veins
Pressure falls and pulse disappears 
Walls are one cell thick and permeable
No lumen
No valves
Blood slowly loses oxygen
51
Q

How blood flows from the heart

A

Heart to arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, heart

52
Q

Advantages of double circulatory system

A

Blood pressure is higher, especially to the body
There is a higher blood flow to body tissues
Oxygenated blood is separate from deoxygenated blood

53
Q

Adaptions of blood vessels

A

Thick elastic walls withstand high pressure
Capillary networks large exchange SA
Thin permeable walls of capillaries, shot diffusion distance
Large lumen, least flow resistance
Valves prevent back flow of blood

54
Q

The heart

A

Right atrium}right venticle} (pulmonary artery)} lungs}(pulmonary vein)} left atrium}left ventricle} (aorta)} body}(vena cava)}right atrium

55
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Heart relaxes and blood enters both atria
Atria contracts at the same time which forces blood into both ventricles
Ventricles contract from the bottom upwards which forces blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta

56
Q

Plasma

A

Transports substances around the body, eg. CO2

Eg. Hormones, antibodies,nutrients,waste substances

57
Q

Red blood cells

A

Carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells
Tiny allowing them to pass through narrow capillaries
Biconcave disc shape, large SA:V
Contains haemoglobin which binds to oxygen to transport form lungs to body tissue
No nucleus, more space for haemoglobin

58
Q

White blood cells

A

Help protect the body against infection

59
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments which help the clotting process at wound sites

60
Q

How blood carries oxygen

A

Haemoglobin binds with oxygen to form a bright red compound called oxyhemoglobin
Bonds are weak
Splits in areas of low oxygen concentrations

61
Q

Breathing system

A

Trachea}bronchus}bronchioles} alveoli

62
Q

Alveoli exchange surface

A

Tiny spheres, larger SA:V
Thin walls
Surrounded by blood capillaries ensure good blood supply
Moist surface

63
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

Fatty material build up in arteries
Blood flow reduced and less oxygen and glucose reach the heart for respiration
Heart doesn’t contract properly

64
Q

Symptoms of CHD

A

Tiredness, lack of energy

Breathlessness

65
Q

Treatments of CHD

A 
Artificial pacemakers
Valve replacement
High cholesterol treated with drugs, statins
Stents, treat narrow coronary 
Heart transplant

GCSE Biology (8 decks)

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