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GCSE Biology > B1 cell biology > Flashcards

B1 cell biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Animal cell

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm

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2
Q

Plant cell

A 
Nucleus 
Cell membrane 
Cytoplasm
Vacuole 
Chloroplasts 
Cell wall
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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls activities of cell
Contains DNA
DNA organised into chromosomes

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls passage of substances into and out of the cell

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Is where most chemical reactions take place. (Aerobic Respiration)

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6
Q

Vacuole

A

Surrounded by a membrane and fluid filled
Fluid is called cell sap
Vacuoles are permanent structures in plants

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7
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Found in plant cells above ground

Contain chlorophyll that absorbs the light the plant needs for photosynthesis

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8
Q

Cell wall

A

Is an additional layer outside the cell membrane
Is made from cellulose fibres
Contains fibres that provide strength
Doesn’t regulate what enters or leaves the cell

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9
Q

Cell size

A

0.01-0.10 mm

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10
Q

Total magnification

A

Total magnification= mag of eyepiece x mag of object lens

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11
Q

Magnification of image

A

Mag of image=size of image/size of real object

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12
Q

Resolving power/resolution

A

Ability to distinguish 2 points

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13
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place. It has a double membrane although the internal membrane is folded.

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14
Q

Ribosomes

A

Tiny structures where protein synthesis takes place. They either lie free in the cytoplasm or be attached to an internal network of channels within the cytoplasm

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15
Q

TEMs

A

X1000000

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16
Q

SEMs

A

Reveal shape of structures

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17
Q

Electron microscope

A

Colour images

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18
Q

Required practical- using a light microscope to observe and record animal and plant cells

A

Mount live cells on a slide using a drop of water
Cover with a glass coverslip and avoid air bubbles
Start looking at it on low power and then swap to high power for more detail
Sketch the cell you saw, label and identify it as animal or plant

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19
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Have cell membrane, cytoplasm containing sub-cellular structures called organelles and a nucleus containing DNA

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20
Q

Prokaryotic

A 
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Plasmids- small ring of DNA 
Cell membrane 
Cell wall (may be surrounded by a capsule) 
Flagellum 
Single loop of DNA not enclosed in a nucleus 
Smaller cells
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21
Q

Classification domains

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryota (animals,fungi,plants,protists)

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22
Q

Archaeans

A

Live in extreme environments eg.hot springs and salt lakes
Ribosomes are similar size and structure of bacteria.
Nucleic acid is closer to eukaryotes
2/3 of DNA are unfamiliar

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23
Q

How many chromosomes do we have

A

46 and 23 pairs

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24
Q

Mitosis

A

DNA molecule in nucleus
DNA replicates to form a double chromosome each half has an identical set of genes
DNA condenses to form a recognisable chromosome. The DNA is now compacted into 1/50000 of it original length

25
Q

The cell cycle

A
  1. The cell grows. No. Of sub cellular structures increases
  2. DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome
  3. Further growth and cell checked for errors
  4. Mitosis- the chromosomes move apart and 2 nuclei form
  5. Cytoplasm divides to make 2 identical cells
  6. Temporary cell resting period, doesn’t divide
26
Q

Differentiation

A

As cells divide, new cells acquire certain features for their specific function.
A cells shape,size and internal structure are adapted for its role. Most animal cells differentiate at an early stage

27
Q

Sperm cell

A 
Head
Acrosome- contains enzymes to penetrate the egg
Nucleus- 23 chromosomes 
Mitochondria- in spiral for energy
Tail for movement
Cell membrane 
55 nano metres long
3 nano metres wide
28
Q

Nerve cell

A 
Extensions that communicate with other nerve cells
Nucleus 
Fatty covering- the myelin sheath 
Main part of cell(cell body)
Gap I'm myelin sheath- the nerve impulses jumps from one gap to the next making it quicker.
Branches that connect with a muscle
Motor nerve cell length 1m
diameter 1-20 nano metres
29
Q

Muscle cell

A

Mitochondria- provide energy for muscle contraction
Protein filaments- slide over each other to produce muscle contraction
The cells that make up a skeletal muscle fibre physically join together during their development

30
Q

Protein filaments

A

Give the cells of a heart and skeletal muscle a striped appearance. In smooth muscle, found in the circulatory system, there are fewer filaments, which are thinner and less well organised

31
Q

Cells, tissues and organs

A

Cell
Tissue - lots of cells
Organs- tissue grouped together
Organ system- organs working together

32
Q

What is cancer?

A

A damaged cell that divides uncontrollably.

33
Q

Benign tumour

A

Slow growing
Often have capsule around so easy to remove
Not cancerous and rarely spread
Can press on other body organs and look unsightly

34
Q

Malignant tumour

A

Grow faster
Can spread to other body tissues
As it grows, cancer cells detach and can form secondary tumours in other parts of the body.

35
Q

What triggers cancer?

A

Chemicals and other agents that cause cancer called carcinogens
They damage the DNA causing mutations
If it isn’t discover in the cell cycle it continues to spread.

36
Q

Mutations

A

Viruses
Chemicals in the home,industry or environment
Ionising radiation
Ultraviolet radiation
Lifestyle choices eg. Alcohol, smoking, diet

37
Q

Stem cells

A

Unspecialised cells that can produce many different types of cells

38
Q

How stem cells could help

A

Injuries eg. Spinal injuries leading to paralysis
Conditions in which the body cells degenerate eg. Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes and multiple sclerosis
Cancers, or following treatments for cancer such a chemotherapy or radiation eg. Leukaemia
Produce red blood cells

39
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Removed from a living human embryo
Religion doesn’t agree with this as life starts at contraception
Law says embryos can be created purely for scientific research

40
Q

Rejection of stem cell transplants

A

If a stem cell is taken from a bank to which other people have contributed the patients body may reject it.
A current solution is to find a close match between donor and patient.
Or give drugs to suppress Immune system.
A possible source is blood left in the umbilical cord and placenta after baby is born. It is easy to collect and store.

41
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

Producing stem cells with the same genes as the patient. So it wouldn’t be rejected.
Requires nuclear transfer.

42
Q

Nuclear transfer

A 
Human egg has nucleus removed and combined with the nucleus of the patient. 
Cell is simulated to divide
Embryo produced is grown.
After 4-5 days stem cells are removed
Stem cells from the embryo are cultured
43
Q

Scientific, ethical and social questions of stem cells

A

How successful would it need?
After 60 divisions mutations have been observed
Virus could transfer with stem cell leading to infection
Is it morally right to create an embryo with the intent of destroying it
Could an embryo simple be a resource for researchers
Are there more positives than negatives
Does it give patients false hope

44
Q

Cells

A

Protein molecule- helically coiled nucleic acid molecule with protein coat.
Virus- has lipoprotein envelope around it.

45
Q

Mitosis occurs when…

A

Cells die or become damaged
A eukaryotic organism reproduces by asexual reproduction
Cancer cells divide
Eukaryotic cells are cloned

46
Q

Organisms need energy to…

A

Drive chemical reactions needed to keep them alive, including building large molecules
For movement ( make our muscles contract)
For keeping warm
Cell division
Maintain constant environment
Active transport
Transmit nerve impulses

47
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Uses glucose to create heat (ectothermic reaction)
Glucose+oxygen}carbon dioxide + water
C6H12O6+6O2}6CO2+6H2O

Starts in cytoplasm then in mitochondria
Respiration with oxygen

48
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration without oxygen
In cytoplasm of cell
Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells and other micro organisms is called fermentation

49
Q

Fermentation

A

Glucose} ethanol+carbon dioxide

Anaerobic isn’t as efficient a as aerobic

50
Q

Oxygen debt

A

Glucose}lactic acid
Incomplete oxidisation cases a build up of Latin acid and oxygen debt.
The acid is taken to the liver by the blood where it is oxidised to co2 and waterproof converted to glucose then glycogen. Glycogen levels in the muscles and liver are then restored
Needs oxygen to repay debt

51
Q

Culturing bacteria

A

Best to grow them in large numbers to study them.
Bacteria grow in culture, in or on a culture medium
This is either a liquid nutrient broth or a gel agar

52
Q

How to stop bacteria being infected

A

All equipment must be sterilised
The inoculating loop must be sterilised by passing it through a Bunsen flame before and after use
The lid of the agar plate must be secured, but not sealed using adhesive tape
Agar plates must be sterilised in an autoclave before disposal
This is an aseptic technique

53
Q

Binary fission

A

Prokaryotes divide into 2 rapidly to form a colony

54
Q

Bacteria growth curves

A

Lag phase- no reproduction. Bacteria copying DNA and proteins within their cell
Exponential growth phase
Stationary phase- resources become scarce so bacteria dies at same rate produced
Death phase- bacteria poisoned by build up of toxins in the culture

55
Q

Antibiotic testing

A

Disc diffusion technique
Agar plate inoculated with bacterium being tested (spread over plate evenly)
A disc of antibiotic is placed on the plate
Different concentrations are put on plate as well

56
Q

Lab vs school

A

Lab- mueller-Hinton agar with blood
For human pathogens
37 degrees Celsius

School- normal agar plate
Bacteria (don’t want to grow pathogens)
25 degrees Celsius

57
Q

Validity of testing Antibiotics

A

A sample bacteria for testing must be representative of the population of bacteria
Clear zones will be uniformly circular
Measurements made with ruler or callipers
If there is poor growth becomes anomalies

58
Q

Required practical- investigating disinfectants

A

Agar plate inoculated with bacteria with different disks with different disinfectants and a control
Inoculate at 25 degrees Celsius
See which has the biggest clear zone as it is most effective for bacerierium staphylococcus aureus in hospitals

GCSE Biology (8 decks)

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