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M&M Test 4 > B6-095 B Vitamins > Flashcards

B6-095 B Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

severe malnutrition, peripheral neuropathy, high output heart failure

A

cardiac “wet” beriberi

**B1 deficiency

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2
Q

polyneuropathy and symmetric muscle wasting caused by B1 deficiency

A

neuritic “dry” beriberi

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3
Q

cofactor for many enzymes, especially those involved in ATP, NADH, and ribose-5-phosphate production

A

thiamine (B1)

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4
Q

critical for generating cellular energy, amino acids, nucleic acids, and fatty acids

A

thiamine (B1)

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5
Q

4 most significant enzymes requiring B1 as a cofactor

A

Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase
a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA)
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (TCA)
Transketolase (HMP shunt)

B-APT

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6
Q

active form is FAD or FMN

A

B2 riboflavin

FAD and FMN are derived from riboFlavin

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7
Q

cofactor for methyltetrahydrofolate reductase

A

B2 riboflavin

B2=2 ATP

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8
Q

what medication can increase the breakdown of B2 riboflavin with long term use?

A

phenobarbital

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9
Q

Cheilosis
Corneal vascularization
“magenta” tongue

A

B2 riboflavin

2 Cs of B2

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10
Q

found as nicotinamide or nicotinic acid

A

B3 niacin

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11
Q

used in redox reactions as a cofactor for dehydrogenase

A

B3 Niacin

NAD derived from Niacin
B3= 3 ATP

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12
Q

derived from tryptophan

A

B3 Niacin

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13
Q

risk factors for B3 deficiency [5]

A

chronic alcoholism
low protein diet
drugs used for TB/leukemia isoniazid
Hartnup disease
carcinoid syndrome

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14
Q

increases conversion of tryptophan to serotonin causing B3 deficiency

A

carcinoid syndrome

(symptoms of carcinoid syndrome: skin flushing, diarrhea, dyspnea)

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15
Q

mutation in intestinal tryptophan transporter that causes B3 deficiency

A

Hartnup syndrome

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16
Q

3 D’s of vitamin B3 deficiency

A

diarrhea
dementia
dermatitis

(pellagra)

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17
Q

component of coenzyme A (cofactor for CoA, carbon transfers) and fatty acid synthase

A

B5 pantothenic acid

“pento”thenic acid

anytime you see CoA think B5

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18
Q

nitrous oxide can cause […] deficiency

A

B12

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19
Q

describe the absorption of vitamin B12 cobalamin

A
  1. food with B12 is ingested
  2. haptocorrin is secreted by salivary glands
  3. in stomach, parietal cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
  4. cobalamin is released from food by HCl or trypsin and binds haptocorrin
  5. in the small intestine, pancreatic proteases degrade haptocorrin and cobalamin binds IF
  6. cobalamin-IF complex is absorbed in the ileum via cubulin receptors
  7. cobalamin is released into blood. Can bind haptocorrin transporter for storage or transcobalamin II to go to cells/liver
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20
Q

causes of lack of intrinsic factor [2]

(leads to B12 deficiency)

A

pernicious anemia
gastric bypass surgery

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21
Q

some causes of malabsorption that can cause B12 deficiency

A

aging
enteritis
alcoholism
bacterial overgrowth
veganism

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22
Q

terminal ileum resection (such as in a Crohn’s patient) can increase the risk of […] deficiency

A

B12 cobalamin

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23
Q

most common cause of B12 cobalamin deficiency

A

pernicious anemia

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24
Q

auto-immune antibodies attack parietal cells, resulting in decreased HCl and IF

A

pernicious anemia

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25
Q

drugs that can cause B12 cobalamin deficiency

A

GERD: H2 blockers, PPIs
nitrous oxide

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26
Q

muscle weakness
sore tongue
neuropathy
neural-tube defects
megaloblastic anemia

A

B12 cobalamin deficiency

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27
Q

megaloblastic anemia
hypersegmented PMNs
parethesia due to abnormal myelin

A

B12 cobalamin deficiency

28
Q

cofactor for methionine synthetase and methymalonyl CoA mutatase
important for DNA snythesis

A

B12 cobalamin

29
Q

increased serum homocysteine and methylmalonic acid

A

B12 cobalamin deficiency

30
Q

important enzyme in fatty acid metabolism in mitochondria
deficiency can cause abnormal myelination

A

B12 cobalamin

31
Q

universal methyl donor for methylation of DNA, RNA, proteins

A

S-Adenosyl Methionine (SAM)

important in methionine cycle with B12, B9, and B6

32
Q

converted to THF, a coenzyme for 1 carbon transfer/methylation

important to the synthesis of nitrogenous bases

A

B9 folate

33
Q

required for regeneration of dTMP

A

B9 folate

**5 FU inhibits this pathway by inhibiting thymidylate synthase

34
Q

diminished dTMP causes what?

A

cell cycle arrest of hemopoietic cells –> megaloblastic anemia

35
Q

drugs that can cause B9 folate deficiency

A

methotrexate (inhibits DHFR)
trimethoprim (DHFR antagonist)
phenytoin

36
Q

only coenzyme as pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP)

A

B6 pyroxidine

37
Q

serves as a cofactor in transamination, decarboxylation reactions, and glycogen phosphorylase

A

B6 pyroxidine

38
Q

serves as a cofactor in the synthesis of glutathione, cystathionine, heme, niacin, histamine, and neurotrasmitters

A

B6 pyroxidine

39
Q

required as a cofactor in the alanine cycle for the removal of ammonium

A

B6 pyroxidine

40
Q

can cause an anemia with normal number of RBCs but low hemoglobin content

A

B6 pyroxidine deficiency

(sideroblastic anemia)

41
Q

convulsions
hyper irritability
peripheral neuropathy
sideroblastic anemia

A

B6 pyroxidine deficiency

42
Q

cofactor found in pyruvate carboxylase and acetyl CoA carboxylase

key cofactor to enzymes that perform gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism

A

B7 biotin

43
Q

inhibition of […] has been considered for obesity drugs as it would stimulate fat oxidation

A

acetyl-CoA carboxylase

**B7 biotin pathway

44
Q

enzyme that is first step in fatty acid synthesis and highly regulated

A

acetyl-CoA carboxylase

**B7 biotin pathway

45
Q

enzyme that produces oxaloactetate, key to gluconeogenesis and keeping TCA replenished via anaplerotic reactions

A

pyruvate carboxylase

**B7 biotin pathway

46
Q

excessive ingestion of raw egg whites can cause

A

B7 biotin deficiency

avidin in eggs binds biotin

47
Q

assists in glucose metabolism, RNA, DNA, and ATP synthesis

A

B1 thiamine

48
Q

deficiency causes fatigue, confusion, movement impairment, swelling, heart failure

A

B1 thiamine

49
Q

assists in glucose, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism
electron carrier
other B vitamins dependent on

A

B2 riboflavin

50
Q

deficiency causes dry scaly skin, mouth inflammation and sore, sore throat, itchy eyes, light sensitivity

A

B2 riboflavin

51
Q

assists in glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
electron carrier

A

B3 niacin

52
Q

deficiency causes pellagra: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death

A

B3 niacin

53
Q

assists in glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
assists in cholesterol and neurotransmitter synthesis

A

B5 pantothenic acid

54
Q

deficiency causes muscle numbness and pain, fatigue, irritability

A

B5 pantothenic acid

55
Q

assists in amino-acid synthesis, glycogenolysis
assists in hemoglobin and neurotransmitter synthesis

A

B6 pyroxidine

56
Q

deficiency causes muscle weakness, dermatitis, mouth sores, fatigue, confusion

A

B6 pyroxidine

57
Q

assists in glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
assists in amino acid synthesis

A

B7 biotin

58
Q

deficiency causes muscle weakness, dermatitis, fatigue, hair loss

A

B7 biotin

59
Q

assist in amino acid synthesis, RNA, DNA, and RBC synthesis

A

B9 folate

60
Q

deficiency causes diarrhea, mouth sores, confusion, anemia, neural tube defects

A

B9 folate

61
Q

assists in fat and protein catabolism
folate function
RBC synthesis

A

B12 cobalamin

62
Q

deficiency causes muscle weakness, sore tongue, anemia, nerve damage, neural tube defects

A

B12 cobalamin

63
Q

how do PPIs cause B12 deficiency?

A

increase the pH of the stomach, resulting in reduction of release of cobalamin from food

64
Q

malabsorption causes of B12 deficiency can be treated with

A

IM B12 injection

65
Q

methotrexate can cause a […] deficiency

A

B9 folate

66
Q

[…] deficiency can cause seizures or dystonic movement due to its role in the neurotransmitter synthesis pathway

A

B6 pyrodoxine

67
Q

amino acid transaminases require […] in the catabolism of amino acids

A

B6 pyrodoxine

M&M Test 4 (14 decks)

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