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Biology > B5 Infection and response > Flashcards

B5 Infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is health

A

A state of physical and mental wellbeing, not just an absence of disease

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2
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

An infectious disease caused by pathogens

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3
Q

What is a non-communicable disease

A

A disease that is not infectious

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4
Q

What factors affect health

A

Diet

Stress

Life situations e.g gender, ethnic group

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5
Q

What is a pathogen

A

A bacterium, virus, or other microorganisms that cause infectious disease in living things, including plants

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6
Q

What are bacteria

A

Single-celled organisms that reproduce by binary fission

Environmental decomposers

Pathogenic bacteria are the minority

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7
Q

What do bacteria do

A

Cause the majority of communicable diseases

May produce toxins

May directly damage cells

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8
Q

What do viruses do

A

Cause disease in every type of organism

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9
Q

What are viruses

A

Small, regularly-shaped pathogens that live and reproduce in cells, damaging and destroying them

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10
Q

How are pathogens spread

A

Droplets

Direct contact

Water

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11
Q

What do bacteria need to grow

A

Culture medium (carbohydrates - energy, nitrogen - protein production)

Warmth (some)

Oxygen (some)

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12
Q

How should petri dishes be stored

A

Upside down to stop condensation dripping

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13
Q

Why should petri dishes be partially secured with tape

A

Stops air from contaminating bacteria and vice versa

Stops the growth of anaerobic bacteria

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14
Q

In school labs, at what temperature should bacteria be stored

A

25C and under

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15
Q

In school labs, why is there a limit on the temperature that bacteria can be stored

A

Reduces the risk of pathogens growing

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16
Q

What is an antiseptic

A

A substance used on living surfaces to destroy microorganisms

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17
Q

What is an antibiotic

A

A drug used to kill microorganisms in the body

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18
Q

What is a disinfectant

A

A substance used on non-living surfaces to destroy microorganisms

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19
Q

What affects the rate of bacterial growth

A

Temperature

Available nutrients

Oxygen levels

pH

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20
Q

How is the number of bacteria (end of growth) calculated

A

Number of bacteria (start of growth) * (2^number of divisions)

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21
Q

What is the zone of inhibition

A

The area where microorganisms have been killed or cannot grow

22
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelweis do

A

Insisted doctors washed their hands before delivering babies

Helped to reduce the rate of death from childbed fever

23
Q

What did Louis Pasteur do

A

Claimed that microorganisms cause disease

Developed vaccines from anthrax and rabies

24
Q

What did Joseph Lister do

A

Encouraged the use of antiseptic chemicals so pathogens were destroyed before they could cause infection

25
Q

What causes symptoms (in a viral infection)

A

Symptoms are the results of how the body reacts to the virus damaging cells as it reproduces

26
Q

Why is it important to stop viruses from spreading

A

There are no medicines that cure viral disease

27
Q

What are examples of viral diseases

A

Measles

HIV/AIDS

Tobacco mosaic virus

28
Q

What are examples of bacterial diseases

A

Salmonella

Gonorrhoea

29
Q

What is an example of a protist disease

A

Malaria

30
Q

What is an example of a fungal disease

A

Rose blackspot

31
Q

What do defence responses do

A

Keep out and destroy pathogens

32
Q

What are examples of skin defences

A

Scabs

Antimicrobial secretions

Healthy microorganisms

33
Q

What are examples of respiratory and digestive defences

A

Nose hairs and mucus

Trachea and bronchi cilia

Stomach acid

34
Q

What do platelets do

A

Clot and seal cuts

35
Q

What does mucus do

A

Traps particles

36
Q

What do cilia do

A

Waft mucus to be swallowed

37
Q

What does stomach acid do

A

Destroys pathogens

38
Q

What do white blood cells do

A

Ingest microorganisms (phagocytosis)

Produce antibodies

Produce antitoxins

39
Q

What are signs of plant diseases

A 
Stunted growth
Decay
Growths
Spots
Malformations
Visible pests
Discolouration
40
Q

How are plant diseases identified

A

By comparison
Expert opinion
Lab testing
Monoclonal antibody identification

41
Q

How are plant diseases treated

A

Pesticide
Antifungal treatment
Removal
Deficiency rectification

42
Q

What do aphids do

A

Penetrate phloem vessels
Deprive plants of photosynthesis products
Act as disease vectors

43
Q

How are aphids treated

A

Chemical or biological pesticides

44
Q

How do nitrogen deficiencies affect plants

A

Nitrogen ions convert sugars into proteins in photosynthesis

A deficiency results in stunted growth

45
Q

How do magnesium deficiencies affect plants

A

Magnesium is needed to form chlorophyll

A deficiency results in yellowing (chlorosis) and reduced photosynthesis

46
Q

What are examples of physical plant defences

A

Cellulose cell wall
Tough, waxy cuticle
Bark/layer of dead cells
Leaf fall

47
Q

What are examples of chemical plant defences

A

Antibacterial chemicals

Poisons to deter herbivores

48
Q

What are examples of mechanical plant defences

A

Thorns
Hairy stems/leaves
Drooping/curling
Mimicry

49
Q

What are non-specific mechanisms

A

Defences that do not target a specific condition

Eg stomach acid, thorns

50
Q

What are specific mechanisms

A

Defences that target a specific condition

Eg antibodies, antitoxins

51
Q

How does leaf fall protect plants from diseases

A

Infected leaves are removed from the plant, preventing further infection

Biology (6 decks)

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