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Biology > B1 Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Found in plants, animals, fungi and protists

10 - 100 μm

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2
Q

Eukaryote

A

An organism made up of eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Found in bacteria and archaea

0.1 - 5.0 μm

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4
Q

Prokaryote

A

An organism Made up f prokaryotic cells

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5
Q

Plasmid

A

Small rings of DNA

Found in prokaryotic cells

Can replicate and move between cells to share genetic information

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6
Q

DNA loop

A

Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus

Most genetic material is stored in a single loop in the cytoplasm

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7
Q

Standard form

A

x * 10^n

when 1.0 <= x > 10.0

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8
Q

Adding and subtracting standard form

A
  1. Convert to non-standard form
  2. Add/subtract
  3. Convert to standard form
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9
Q

Multiplying standard form

A
  1. Multiply x
  2. Add n
  3. Concatenate
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10
Q

Dividing standard form

A
  1. Divide x
  2. Subtract n
  3. Concatenate
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11
Q

Animals cells

A

10 - 50 μm

Animals cells have:
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
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12
Q

Cell membrane

A

Separates the interior of the cells from the environment

Selectively permeable

Controls what enters and exits the cell

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13
Q

Nucleus

A

Control centre of the cell

Contains chromosomes which hold genetic material

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14
Q

Ribosomes

A

Responsible for synthesising proteins

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produce the cell’s energy through aerobic respiration

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16
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

A process that uses sugar and oxygen to release energy

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17
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly-like fluid that fills the cell

Where most of the cell’s chemical reactions take place

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18
Q

Plant cells

A

10 - 100 μm

Plant cells have:
Permanent vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell wall

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19
Q

Vacuole

A

Fluid-filled sac that stores water

Enclosed in a membrane

Can make up as much as 90% of a plant cell’s volume

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20
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Contain chlorophyll, a pigment needed for photosynthesis

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21
Q

Cell wall

A

A structure made of cellulose that surrounds the cell

Increases the structural strength of the cell

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22
Q

Differentiation

A

A process where cell acquire different subcellular structures

Can happen at different stages of development in plants and animals

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23
Q

Differentiation in plants

A

Many plants can differentiate throughout their whole live

This means plants are always able to create new tissues

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24
Q

Differentiation in animals

A

Most animal cells differentiate early in their development

In mature animals, cells mostly divide to replace cells and repair tissues that are already present

New tissues rarely created by cell differentiation

Instead, cells divide to replace or repair existing tissue

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25
Q

Bacteria cells

A

Examples of prokaryotic cells

Include:
Flagella
Cell wall and membrane
Cytoplasm
Plasmids
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26
Q

Flagella

A

Whip-like structures used for movement

Some bacteria have flagella

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27
Q

Differentiation in embryos

A

Cells that form the embryo differentiate to produce cells that can perform all of the body’s functions

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28
Q

Sperm cells

A

Specialised to fertilise egg cells

Sperm cells have:
Flagella
Acrosome
Head
Middle section
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29
Q

Acrosome

A

Found as the tip of the sperm’s head

Contains digestive enzymes that are used to penetrate an egg cell

30
Q

Sperm head

A

Contains the sperm cells’ nucleus

Sperm is haploid

This means a sperm’s nucleus only contains half of an organism’s genetic material

This combines with the egg cell’s half of genetic material to fertilise the egg

31
Q

Sperm middle section

A

Filled with mitochondria to provide it with enough energy for it to travel a long distance to reach the egg cell

32
Q

Neurones

A

Specialised to transmit electrical signals around the body

Neurones have:
Axon
Myelin sheath
Dendrites

33
Q

Axon

A

A long tail that the electrical signal travels along in a neuron

34
Q

Myelin sheath

A

A sheath that surrounds the axon

Prevents the signal from leaking out of the neuron and increases the speed of the transmission

35
Q

Dendrites

A

Branches of a neuron

Transfer electrical signals to other neurons

36
Q

Synapse

A

The site of transmission of electric signals between neurons

37
Q

Myocytes

A

Specialised to produce force and motion

Muscle cells have:
Mitochondria
Protein fibre

38
Q

Mitochondria in myocytes

A

Contain lots of mitochondria to generate energy for motion

39
Q

Protein fibre in myocytes

A

Contract to move the muscle

40
Q

Root hair cells

A

Specialised to absorb water and minerals

Root hair cells have:
Long projection
No chloroplasts

41
Q

Long projections in root hair cells

A

Increases surface area

Allows them to absorb more water and minerals

42
Q

Lack of chloroplasts in root hair cells

A

Do not contain chloroplasts as there is no light for photosynthesis

43
Q

Xylem cells

A

Dead cells specialised to transport water up the stem of a plant to the leaves

Xylem cells have:
Open ends
Lignin

44
Q

Open ends in xylem cells

A

End walls of xylem cells are broken to allow water to move through them

45
Q

Lignin in xylem cells

A

Lignified to strengthen cell walls

46
Q

Phloem cells

A

Living cells specialised to transport food in the plant

Phloem cells have:
Cell wall holes

47
Q

Cell walls in phloem cells

A

End walls of phloem cells contain small holes to allow food products to move up and down the vessels

48
Q

Microscope magnification

A

How many times larger an image seen through a microscope is compared to the real object

49
Q

Equation for magnification

A

Magnification = image size / actual size

Magnification = magnification of eyepiece * magnification of objective lens

50
Q

Resolution

A

The ability to see and distinguish between fine detail

51
Q

Light microscope

A

Passes light through a specimen and creates a magnified image using lenses

The first light microscope was made using two lenses towards the end of the 16th century

This microscope had a resolution better than the human eye

52
Q

Objective lens

A

The lens closest to the specimen

Short focal length

Produces a magnified image of the specimen

53
Q

Discoveries from light microscopes

A

Visual distinction of plant and animal cells

View of bacteria

54
Q

Electron microscope

A

Electrons are passed through the specimen instead of light.

First used in 1933

Can resolve distances of 1nm

Magnifications of ×500,000.

55
Q

Discoveries from electron microscopes

A

Clear view of subcellular structures

Allowed the study of the function of structures like mitochondria, chloroplasts and ribosomes

56
Q

Uses of microorganism cultures

A

Used to investigate the effects of antibiotics and disinfectants

57
Q

Growing media of cultures

A

Cultures can be grown in one of two mediums:
Nutrient broth
Agar gel

58
Q

Nutrient broth

A

Liquid medium for growing microorganisms containing carbohydrates, minerals and sometimes other chemicals

59
Q

Agar gel

A

Solid, jelly-like medium for growing microorganisms

60
Q

Contamination

A

The growth of bacteria not being investigated in an investigation

61
Q

Risks of contamination

A

Jeopardising the results of the investigation,

Serious health and safety risk

62
Q

Sources of contamination

A 
Potential sources of contamination are:
Skin
Soil
Air
Water
63
Q

Aseptic Technique

A

Techniques used on apparatus to kill and prevent the entry of unwanted bacteria

Aseptic techniques include:
Boiling
Flames
Lids
Temperature
64
Q

Boiling as an aseptic technique

A

Solutions and agar must be boiled for sterilisation

65
Q

Flames as an aseptic technique

A

Inoculation loops must be passed through a flame for sterilisation

66
Q

Lids as an aseptic technique

A

Lids must be rapidly taken off and put back on when using the inoculating loop to add bacteria to the agar

Lids should be taped on and the dish should be stored upside down to prevent condensation forming on the lid and then dripping onto the agar

67
Q

Temperature as an aseptic technique

A

In schools, the maximum temperature at which cultures should be incubated is 25 degrees Celsius

This precaution reduces the risk of harmful bacteria growing

68
Q

Bacterial growth

A

Bacteria multiply through simple cell division (binary fission), in which one cell divides to produce two cells

69
Q

Mean division time

A

The average time for bacteria to divide

70
Q

Estimation of bacteria populations

A

A future population of bacteria can be estimated by multiplying the current population by two for every mean division time that passes

Divisions can happen as fast as every 20 minutes when the conditions are ideal

71
Q

Equation for bacteria population size

A

Future population = current population * 2 ^ (time passed / mean division time)

Biology (6 decks)

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