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Biology > B3 Organisation and the Digestive System > Flashcards

B3 Organisation and the Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are tissues

A

Groups of cells that act together to perform a function

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2
Q

What are some examples of plant tissues

A

Mesophyll
Capable of photosynthesis

Epithelial/epidermal tissue
Waxy covering of plants

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3
Q

What are some examples of animal tissues

A

Epithelial/epidermal tissue
Outer surface of organs and blood vessels and human skin

Muscular tissue
Contract to bring about force and motion

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4
Q

What are organs

A

Groups of tissues that work together to perform a function

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5
Q

What does glandular tissue in the stomach do

A

Produces digestive juices that break down the stomach’s contents

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6
Q

What does epithelial tissue in the stomach do

A

Lines the stomach

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7
Q

What does muscular tissue do in the stomach

A

Moves the content of the stomach during digestion

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8
Q

What are organ systems

A

Groups of organs that work together to perform a function

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9
Q

What does the small intestine do in the digestive system

A

Digests foods

Absorbs soluble food molecules

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10
Q

What does the liver do in the digestive system

A

Produces bile

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11
Q

What do glands do in the digestive system

A

Produce digestive enzymes

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12
Q

What does the stomach do in the digestive system

A

Digests food

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13
Q

What does the large intestine do in the digestive system

A

Absorbs water molecules from remaining undigested food

Produces faeces

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14
Q

What is an organism

A

A multicellular organism consisting of several organ systems

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15
Q

What are enzymes

A

Proteins that are biological catalysts, increasing the speed of chemical reactions

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16
Q

What is an enzyme’s active site

A

To catalyse a reaction, the substrate must bind to the enzyme’s active site

Here, substrates are broken up or bonded together

Only specific substrates fit an enzyme’s active site

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17
Q

What is the lock and key model

A

The active site is like a lock and the substrate is like a key

Only the right substrate fits the active site

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18
Q

What does denatured mean

A

When an enzyme’s structure is altered and it can no longer catalyse a reaction

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19
Q

How do you calculate the rate of reaction from a graph of mass of product against reaction time?

A

Rate of reaction is equal to the gradient of the graph

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20
Q

What causes denaturing

A

High temperature

Non-optimum pH

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21
Q

How does temperature affect rate of reaction

A

Increasing the temperature of a working enzyme initially increases the reacting activity

Enzymes have an optimum temperature

Once this temperature is reached, the activity decreases
Past a certain temperature, the enzyme is denatured

22
Q

How does pH affect rate of reaction

A

Enzymes have an optimum pH

If the pH changes away from the optimum pH, the enzyme activity decreases

If the pH is too low or too high, the enzyme is denatured and will not function

23
Q

How to calculate rate of reaction

A

change in mass divided by change in time

24
Q

What do digestive enzymes do

A

Digestive enzymes catalyse the breaking down of large and insoluble molecules of food into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream

Digested molecules can be used to construct new carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in the body

Some glucose produced by digestion is used for respiration

25
Q

What are the three main digestive enzymes

A

Amylase

Protease

Lipase

26
Q

What is bile

A

An alkaline substance produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

27
Q

How is bile used in emulsification

A

Bile breaks up fats into droplets through emulsification

The droplets have a higher surface area than the original fat drop

This increases the rate of the lipase-catalysed reactions that break fats down

28
Q

Where are digestive enzymes produced

A

Specialised cells in the glands and the lining of the gut

They are then secreted out of the body cells and into the cavity of the digestive system

29
Q

Where are amylase action sites

A

Small intestine

Mouth

30
Q

What does amylase do

A

Breaks down starch into its constituent simple sugars (mainly maltose)

31
Q

Where is amylase produced

A

Pancreas

Salivary glands

32
Q

What are carbohydrases

A

Enzymes that break down carbohydrates into sugars

33
Q

What are proteases

A

Enzymes that break down proteins into amino acids

34
Q

Where are proteases produced

A

Pancreas

Stomach

35
Q

Where are protease action sites

A

Small intestine

Stomach

36
Q

What are lipases

A

Enzymes that break down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

37
Q

Where are lipases produced

A

Small intestine

Pancreas

38
Q

How are sugars tested for

A

Add Benedict’s reagent

Heat in a water bath for 2 minutes

If the solution is green, yellow or red, sugar is present

Colour depends on concentration

39
Q

How is starch tested for

A

Add iodine solution

Blue-black if starch is present

40
Q

How are proteins tested for

A

Add biuret solution

Mauve or purple is protein is present

41
Q

How are lipids tested for

A

Add ethanol

Add water and shake

Cloudy if lipids are present

42
Q

What are the control factors when investigating the rate of enzyme activity

A

pH
Temperature
Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration

43
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

C, H & O

Made up of simple sugars

44
Q

What are lipids

A

Molecules of fatty acids joined to molecules of glycerol

45
Q

What function do carbohydrates have in the body

A

Most carbohydrates will be broken down into glucose and used in cellular respiration to provide energy for metabolic reaction

46
Q

What function do lipids have in the body

A

Most efficient energy store

Important source of energy

Used as hormones and in cell membranes and the nervous system

47
Q

What are proteins

A

Made of C, H, O & N

Chains of amino acids

48
Q

What function do proteins have in the body

A

Building cells, tissues and enzymes

Structural components

Hormones

Antibodies

49
Q

What do catalysts do

A

Increase the rate of chemical reactions without changing chemically themselves

50
Q

What is metabolism

A

The sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body

51
Q

What does hydrochloric acid do in the stomach

A

Causes a low pH suitable for the effect functioning of protease

52
Q

How does bile affect pH

A

Neutralises acid

Causes a high pH for the effective functioning of enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine

Biology (6 decks)

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